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Updated: Jun 9, 2025

Rating L-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesias in the Unilaterally 6-OHDA-Lesioned Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease
Published on: October 4, 2021
Biliary Dyskinesia and Hyperkinesis
Joshua Tseng1, Yufei Chen2, Catherine McDonald3
1Department of Medicine, CSC Health, 767 North Hill Street Suite 200, Los Angeles, CA 90012, USA; Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8635 West 3rd Street, Suite 650W, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
Abstract:
Biliary dyskinesia refers to a group of functional and motility disorders of the biliary system in patients presenting with typical biliary pain, but without any visible structural abnormalities on standard imaging. The Rome IV Criteria establishes diagnostic criteria for functional gallbladder disorder (gallbladder dyskinesia and biliary hyperkinesia), functional biliary sphincter of Oddi disorder (biliary dyskinesia), and pancreatic sphincter of Oddi disorder. Many diagnostic adjuncts such as hepatobiliary scintigraphy and sphincter of Oddi manometry exist, although these results are supportive and not necessarily diagnostic for biliary dyskinesia. Surgical intervention is most successful when selecting for patients with typical biliary pain.
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