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Updated: Jun 9, 2025

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Surface microlayer-mediated virome dissemination in the Central Arctic.

Janina Rahlff1,2,3, George Westmeijer4, Julia Weissenbach4

  • 1Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden. Janina.rahlff@uol.de.

Microbiome
|October 25, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Arctic viruses show remarkable adaptations to survive in extreme, host-limited aquatic environments. The air-sea interface is crucial for viral distribution in the Central Arctic, highlighting unique survival strategies.

Keywords:
Auxiliary metabolic genesBacteriaLysogenyMelt pondMetagenomicsPhagePolarProphage inductionSurface microlayerViruses

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental microbiology
  • Virology
  • Polar science

Background:

  • Aquatic viruses are crucial in regulating microbial communities, especially in polar regions.
  • Limited accessibility hinders understanding of viral diversity, adaptations, and host interactions in polar aquatic ecosystems.
  • Viruses face challenges like scarce hosts and harsh conditions in polar environments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate viral diversity, abundance, adaptations, and host interactions in Arctic aquatic ecosystems.
  • To fill knowledge gaps regarding viruses in the Central Arctic and Northern Greenland.
  • To explore viral strategies for survival in extreme, host-limited environments.

Main Methods:

  • Sample collection from melt ponds and open water in the Central Arctic during the Synoptic Arctic Survey 2021.
  • Size-fractioned filtration, genome-resolved metagenomics, and cultivation-based investigations.
  • Analysis of viruses from the surface microlayer (SML) and deeper water (~60 cm depth).

Main Results:

  • Melt ponds exhibited lower prokaryotic and viral diversity compared to open water.
  • Viral communities included bacteriophages, with 17.2% encoding auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs) for cryoprotection.
  • Active prophages were induced from Arctic SML strains, and SML viral abundance correlated with broader distribution.
  • Prophages were frequently associated with surface microlayer genomes.

Conclusions:

  • Viruses utilize sophisticated strategies to survive in extreme, host-limited Arctic conditions.
  • The air-sea interface acts as a significant platform for viral dispersal in the Central Arctic.
  • Findings enhance understanding of viral roles in polar aquatic ecosystems.