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Phase Contrast Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Rat Common Carotid Artery
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Background phase induced steady-state effects in velocity quantification using phase-contrast MRI.

Carola Fischer1,2, Peter Speier2, Tobias Schaeffter1,3

  • 1Department of Medical Engineering, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.

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Steady-state disruptions in phase-contrast MRI gradient echo sequences create background phase offsets, impacting flow quantification. Current correction methods are insufficient to address these steady-state effects, leading to inaccurate measurements.

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background phasebackground phase correctioneddy currentsflow quantificationphase‐contrast MRIsteady‐state

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Area of Science:

  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Medical Physics

Background:

  • Phase-contrast MRI (PC-MRI) is crucial for flow quantification.
  • Steady-state gradient echo (GRE) sequences are commonly used in PC-MRI.
  • Spatially varying background phase offsets are a known limitation in PC-MRI.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of steady-state disruptions in PC-MRI GRE sequences on background phase offsets.
  • To identify sequence parameters and timing that influence background phases.
  • To evaluate the effectiveness of current background phase correction algorithms.

Main Methods:

  • Simulations, phantom studies, and in vivo experiments were used.
  • Investigated different spoiling methods (gradient spoiling/FISP vs. gradient+RF spoiling/FLASH).
  • Examined interleaving of flow encoding gradients (every TR vs. every ECG cycle) and relaxation time effects.

Main Results:

  • Simulations and phantom measurements showed good agreement.
  • Different sequences resulted in varying spatiotemporal and tissue-dependent background phases.
  • ECG-interleaved and TR-interleaved FISP acquisitions led to over- and underestimation of flow rates, respectively, compared to FLASH.

Conclusions:

  • Steady-state effects significantly influence background phase measurements in PC-MRI.
  • These effects can lead to inaccurate flow quantification.
  • Existing background phase correction methods are inadequate for addressing these steady-state-induced disturbances.