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Related Concept Videos

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Particle Size and Effective Surface Area01:23

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Particle Size and Effective Surface Area

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Dissolution kinetics, an essential aspect of oral drug delivery, is significantly influenced by the drug's particle size. According to the Noyes-Whitney dissolution model, the dissolution rate correlates directly with the drug's surface area. The larger the surface area, the higher the drug's solubility in water, leading to a faster drug dissolution rate. Reducing particle size increases the effective surface area, enhancing the dissolution process. Micronization and nanosizing are...
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Drug absorption within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a complex process influenced by several critical factors, including the site pH, the drug's dissociation constant (pKa), and the drug's lipophilicity. The GI tract exhibits a pH gradient, with an acidic environment in the stomach and a more alkaline environment in the small intestine. This pH variation directly affects the ionization state of drugs.
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Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Pharmaceutical Parameters01:28

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Solid dosage forms such as tablets and capsules undergo rigorous manufacturing processes to ensure stability and effectiveness. Their dissolution and absorption properties are influenced significantly by the choice of excipients (inactive ingredients that serve various roles in the formulation), and the methodology applied during production. The manufacturing parameters, such as compression force and granulation techniques, significantly affect dissolution rates. Elevated compression forces...
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Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Drug Dissolution01:27

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The pharmacokinetic journey of drugs from solid oral dosage forms into systemic circulation is multifaceted. It begins with disintegration, a prerequisite ensuring a solid dosage form's subdivision into minute particles. Dissolution occurs next as these granulated entities solubilize in gastrointestinal fluids. This solubilization is crucial for the succeeding stage, permeation, which describes the traversal of the drug across the intestinal membrane and its subsequent entry into the blood...
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Factors Affecting Dissolution: Drug Permeability, Stability and Stereochemistry01:20

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Orally administered drugs primarily enter the systemic circulation via passive diffusion through the intestinal membranes. The drug's absorption is influenced by drug stability in the gastrointestinal GI tract, membrane permeability, the surface area available for absorption, luminal drug concentration, and residence time in the lumen. Drug permeability can be enhanced by adjusting the lipophilicity, polarity, or molecular size of the drug, promoting its passive transport across intestinal...
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Polymorphism refers to the existence of a drug substance in multiple crystalline forms, known as polymorphs. Recently, this term has been expanded to include solvates (forms containing a solvent), amorphous forms (non-crystalline forms), and desolvated solvates (forms from which the solvent has been removed).
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 9, 2025

Self-Nanoemulsification of Healthy Oils to Enhance the Solubility of Lipophilic Drugs
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Enhancing Ketoprofen Solubility: A Strategic Approach Using Solid Dispersion and Response Surface Methodology.

Devika Tripathi1,2, Dinesh Kumar Sharma3, Jagannath Sahoo4

  • 1PSIT-Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology (Pharmacy), Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Current Radiopharmaceuticals
|October 25, 2024
PubMed
Summary

This study enhanced ketoprofen solubility using mixed hydrotropy, significantly improving drug dissolution and offering a sustainable approach for poorly soluble drugs.

Keywords:
Hydrotropymixed hydrotropesoptimizationsolid dispersionsolubilizationsurface response methodology.

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Solubility of Hydrophobic Compounds in Aqueous Solution Using Combinations of Self-assembling Peptide and Amino Acid
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Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Drug Discovery and Development

Background:

  • Drug solubility is critical for bioavailability, metabolism, and safety.
  • Ketoprofen (BCS-II) has low solubility and high permeability, posing formulation challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To enhance the solubility parameters of ketoprofen.
  • To investigate the efficacy of mixed hydrotropy for improving ketoprofen solubility.

Main Methods:

  • Used hydrotrope blends of sodium benzoate and sodium acetate.
  • Employed solvent evaporation and a 3² factorial design for solid dispersion.
  • Optimized formulation (KSD9) evaluated using in-vitro dissolution, DSC, pXRD, and SEM.

Main Results:

  • Optimized batch (KSD9) showed a 5.77-fold increase in solubility and 94.76% CDR.
  • Solubility and % CDR increased proportionally with hydrotrope concentration.
  • KSD9 significantly outperformed conventional ketoprofen tablets in dissolution.

Conclusions:

  • Synergistic mixed hydrotropy increased ketoprofen solubility up to 58 times.
  • Hydrotropes positively influenced solubility and % CDR, with concentration-dependent effects.
  • Mixed hydrotropy offers a sustainable, eco-friendly method to improve solubility of poorly soluble drugs.