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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 9, 2025

Electroantennography-based Bio-hybrid Odor-detecting Drone using Silkmoth Antennae for Odor Source Localization

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Published on: August 27, 2021

Preferred Distance in Human-Drone Interaction.

Elisabeth Maria Wögerbauer¹, Christoph von Castell¹, Robin Welsch²

¹Department of Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55122 Mainz, Germany.

Vision (Basel, Switzerland)

|October 25, 2024

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

People prefer greater distances from drones than humans, especially when drones fly high. Drone appearance, like anthropomorphic features, also influences preferred interaction distances, impacting human-drone interaction design.

Keywords:

drone appearance human–drone interaction interpersonal distance personal space proxemics

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Area of Science:

Human-Computer Interaction
Robotics
Social Psychology

Background:

Interpersonal distance regulation is a key aspect of human social interaction.
Understanding preferred distances is crucial for safe and comfortable human-drone interaction.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate how drone characteristics influence preferred interaction distances.
To adapt interpersonal distance regulation paradigms to human-drone interactions.

Main Methods:

Two augmented-reality experiments were conducted.
Experiment 1: Assessed preferred distances to a spherical drone model based on hovering height and approach angle.
Experiment 2: Varied drone appearance (spherical vs. anthropomorphic) and ground attachment to explore influencing factors.

Main Results:

Drone hovering height significantly affected preferred distance, with higher altitudes leading to greater distances.
Preferred distances to drones were generally larger than those to human actors.
Anthropomorphic drone features surprisingly increased preferred interaction distances.

Conclusions:

Drone height and appearance, particularly anthropomorphic features, influence preferred interaction distances.
Social aspects and perceived danger play a role in human-drone spatial behavior.
Findings are critical for designing user-friendly and socially acceptable human-drone interfaces.