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Related Concept Videos

Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature01:16

Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature

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The vertebral column or spine is a flexible column that supports the head, neck, and body and  allows for their movements. It also protects the spinal cord.
Regions of the Vertebral Column
In an adult, the spine is subdivided into five regions: the cervical, the thoracic, the lumbar, the sacral, and the coccygeal region. The spine initially develops as a series of 33 vertebrae; after 20 years of age, the nine bones in the sacral region, five sacral, and four coccygeal bones fuse to form...
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General Structure of a Vertebra01:30

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A typical vertebra, with the exception of the sacrum and coccyx, consists of a body, a vertebral arch, and seven different projections termed processes. The anterior portion of the vertebrae, the body, supports about half the body’s weight. The vertebral bodies progressively increase in size and thickness from the cervical region to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. The intervertebral discs present between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae firmly unites them, forming a continuous...
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Articulations of the Vertebral Column01:28

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In addition to being held together by the intervertebral discs, adjacent vertebrae also articulate with each other at synovial joints formed between the superior and inferior articular processes called zygapophysial joints (facet joints). These are plane joints that provide for only limited motions between the vertebrae. The orientation of the articular processes at these joints varies in different regions of the vertebral column and serves to determine the types of motions available in each...
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Muscles of the Vertebral Column01:27

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The back muscles that lie deep into the thoracolumbar fascia are called intrinsic or true back muscles. These muscles are divided into four layers: superficial, intermediate, deep, and deepest layers.
Superficial Layer:
The superficial layer consists primarily of the splenius muscles, which include the splenius capitis and splenius cervicis. These muscles are mainly responsible for the head and cervical spine movements, including extension, rotation, and lateral bending. The splenius capitis...
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Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy01:15

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The spinal cord resides within the protective confines of the vertebral column. It is the main pathway for information traveling between the brain and the body. It plays a fundamental role in nearly all bodily functions, from simple reflexes to complex motor movements. The spinal cord begins at the medulla oblongata at the base of the brainstem and extends downward, terminating at the conus medullaris near the first and second lumbar vertebrae. The spinal cord's length in adults is...
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Spinal Nerves: Anatomy01:23

Spinal Nerves: Anatomy

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Spinal nerves are pivotal conduits in the nervous system, bridging the central nervous system (CNS) with the peripheral nervous system (PNS). These nerves enable a complex communication network between the brain, spinal cord, and the rest of the body, facilitating sensory input, motor output, and autonomic functions.
There are 31 bilateral pairs of spinal nerves, each emerging from the spinal cord through the intervertebral foramina—openings between adjacent vertebrae. These nerves are...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 9, 2025

Minimally Invasive Treatment for Thoracolumbar Burst Fracture Using Sagittal Alignment Screws and A Trauma Reduction Device
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Minimally Invasive Treatment for Thoracolumbar Burst Fracture Using Sagittal Alignment Screws and A Trauma Reduction Device

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The Implications of Sacralized Transitional Vertebra on Spinal Alignment.

Marc Khalifé1,2,3, Claudio Vergari4, Renaud Lafage3

  • 1Department of Orthopedic surgery, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Paris, France.

Spine
|October 25, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sacralized lumbo-sacral transitional vertebra (LSTV) impacts spinal alignment, with high-grade LSTV altering lumbar lordosis distribution. Spinopelvic parameters measurement should adapt based on LSTV grade for accurate assessment.

Keywords:
lumbar lordosispelvic parameterssacralizationsagittal alignmentstereoradiographytransitional vertebral

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Area of Science:

  • Spine biomechanics
  • Radiographic analysis
  • Orthopedic surgery

Background:

  • Limited data exists on spinopelvic alignment in patients with lumbo-sacral transitional vertebra (LSTV).
  • Understanding LSTV's impact on spinal alignment is crucial for accurate radiographic assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effect of sacralized lumbo-sacral transitional vertebra (LSTV) on spinal alignment in healthy volunteers.
  • To determine how LSTV grade influences lumbar lordosis and spinopelvic parameters.
  • To provide guidance on appropriate measurement points for spinopelvic parameters based on LSTV presence and grade.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of a multicentric prospective database of healthy volunteers over 18.
  • Full-body stereoradiographs in a free-standing position were used for assessment.
  • Parameters analyzed included Castellvi grade, pelvic incidence, lumbar lordosis (L1-S1), thoracic kyphosis, cervical lordosis, and global alignment.

Main Results:

  • Low-grade LSTV (Castellvi I-II) demonstrated similar spinal alignment to non-LSTV subjects when pelvic incidence was matched.
  • High-grade LSTV (Castellvi III-IV) showed altered lumbar lordosis distribution with a higher apex and inflexion point.
  • The LSTV segment in high-grade cases was kyphotic, compensated by increased lordosis above L5.

Conclusions:

  • Low-grade LSTV subjects exhibit alignment comparable to non-LSTV individuals, supporting S1 as the reference for spinopelvic measurements.
  • High-grade LSTV is associated with a kyphotic L5-S1 segment and a more cranial lumbar apex.
  • For high-grade LSTV, spinopelvic parameters should be measured using L5 as the reference point.