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Related Concept Videos

Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume01:11

Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume

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Cardiac output (CO) is an integral aspect of human physiology, reflecting the heart's efficiency and responsiveness to the body's needs. It represents the volume of blood that the left or right ventricle ejects into the aorta or pulmonary trunk each minute. The CO is calculated by multiplying the heart rate (HR)—the number of heartbeats per minute—by the stroke volume (SV)—the amount of blood pumped out with each heartbeat.
In an average resting adult male, the typical cardiac...
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Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output01:22

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Cardiac output (CO), the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute, is a parameter in cardiovascular physiology determined by stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume, the amount of blood pushed from one of the ventricles per heartbeat, is influenced by preload, afterload, and contractility.
Preload
Preload refers to the initial elongation of the cardiac myocytes before contraction and is related to the volume of blood filling the heart at the end of diastole, or end-diastolic volume. The...
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Imbalances in Cardiac Output01:26

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The heart's primary function is to pump blood throughout the body, maintaining a balance between blood sent out (cardiac output) and blood returning (venous return). If this balance is disrupted, it can result in congestive heart failure (CHF), a severe condition where the heart becomes an inefficient pump, leading to inadequate blood circulation.
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Pulse01:05

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The pulse is one of the most fundamental physiological indicators of the body's cardiovascular health. It is the rhythmic expansion and contraction of the arterial walls in response to the pressure generated by the heart's pumping action.
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Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output01:19

Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output

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Cardiac Output
Cardiac output (CO) refers to the total amount of blood ejected by one of the ventricles in liters per minute (L/min). In a resting adult, CO ranges from 5 to 6 L/min, adjusting according to the body's metabolic requirements.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 9, 2025

Use of Two Intracorporeal Ventricular Assist Devices As a Total Artificial Heart
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Comparison between invasive cardiac output and left ventricular assist device flow parameter.

Amitai Segev1, Viana Copeland1, Mateusz Sokolski2

  • 1The Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel.

European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery : Official Journal of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery
|October 25, 2024
PubMed
Summary

The left ventricular assist device (LVAD) flow parameter correlates well with invasive cardiac output measurements, particularly thermodilution. This correlation improves when lower cardiac output values are excluded, enhancing LVAD monitoring accuracy.

Keywords:
Cardiac outputFickLeft ventricular assist deviceLeft ventricular assist device flowThermodilution

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Medical Device Technology

Background:

  • Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) are crucial for end-stage heart failure.
  • Accurate monitoring of cardiac output (CO) in LVAD patients is essential for optimal management.
  • Discrepancies between device-derived and invasive CO measurements can complicate patient care.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the correlation between the LVAD pump flow parameter and invasive CO measurements.
  • To assess the agreement between different CO measurement methods (indirect Fick, thermodilution) and LVAD pump flow.
  • To identify factors associated with discordance in CO measurements in LVAD patients.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of right heart catheterization data from 102 LVAD patients across two tertiary centers.
  • Comparison of CO measurements using indirect Fick and thermodilution against the LVAD pump flow parameter.
  • Linear regression for correlation analysis and Bland-Altman plots for agreement assessment.
  • Comparison of clinical and hemodynamic parameters between patients with and without significant CO measurement discordance (≥20% difference).

Main Results:

  • A total of 544 measurements were compared in 102 patients.
  • Discordance between pump flow and indirect Fick was observed in 45% of comparisons, and with thermodilution in 48%.
  • Strong correlations were found: R=0.751 (indirect Fick vs. LVAD flow) and R=0.789 (thermodilution vs. LVAD flow).
  • Excluding the lowest tertile of indirect Fick CO values significantly improved correlations (thermodilution: R=0.879; indirect Fick: R=0.843).

Conclusions:

  • The LVAD flow parameter provides a reasonable estimation of cardiac output, correlating well with indirect Fick and strongly with thermodilution.
  • Excluding lower cardiac output values enhances the correlation between LVAD flow and invasive CO measurements.
  • These findings support the utility of LVAD flow as a supplementary CO monitoring tool, especially when interpreted in conjunction with other parameters and considering potential discordance.