Gene-expression profile analysis to disclose diagnostics and therapeutics biomarkers for thyroid carcinoma

The most frequent endocrine cancer of the head and neck is thyroid carcinoma (THCA). Although there is increasing evidence linking THCA to genetic alterations, the exact molecular mechanism behind this relationship is not yet completely known to the researchers. There is still much to learn about THCA's molecular roots and genetic biomarkers. Though drug therapies are the best choice after metastasis, unfortunately, the majority of the patients progressively develop resistance against the therapeutic drugs after receiving them for a few years. Therefore, multi-targeted different variants of therapeutic drugs may be essential for effective treatment against THCA. To understand molecular mechanisms of THCA development and progression and explore multi-targeted different variants of therapeutic drugs, we detected 80 common differentially expressed genes (cDEGs) between THCA and non-THCA samples from six microarray gene expression datasets using the statistical LIMMA approach. Through protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis, we identified the top-ranked eight differentially expressed genes (TIMP1, FN1, THBS1, RUNX2, SHANK2, TOP2A, LRP2, and ACTN1) as the THCA-causing key genes (KGs), where 6 KGs (TIMP1, TOP2A, FN1, ACTN1, RUNX2, THBS1) are upregulated and 2 KGs (LRP2, SHANK2) are downregulated. The expression pattern analysis of KGs with the independent TCGA database by Box plots also confirmed their upregulated and downregulated patterns. The expression analysis of KGs in different stages of THCA development indicated that these KGs might be utilized as early diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. The pan-cancer analysis of KGs indicated a substantial correlation of KGs with multiple cancers, including THCA. Some transcription factors (TFs) and microRNAs were detected as the key transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulators of KGs using gene regulatory network (GRN) analysis. The enrichment analysis of the cDEGs revealed several key molecular functions, biological processes, cellular components, and pathways significantly associated with THCA. These findings highlight critical mechanisms influenced by the identified key genes (KGs), providing deeper insight into their roles in THCA development. Then we detected 6 repurposable drug molecules (Entrectinib, Imatinib, Ponatinib, Sorafenib, Retevmo, and Pazopanib) by molecular docking with KGs-mediated receptor proteins, ADME/T analysis, and cross-validation with the independent receptors. Therefore, these findings might be useful resources for wet lab researchers and clinicians to consider an effective treatment strategy against THCA.