Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Overview of the Reproductive System01:31

Overview of the Reproductive System

1.0K
The reproductive system generates offspring, ensuring the survival of the species. In humans, the reproductive system is complex and involves a variety of organs and hormones that work together to ensure successful reproduction.
The gonads, or primary reproductive organs, produce gametes and sex hormones. In males, the testes produce spermatozoa and testosterone, which is responsible for developing secondary male sex characteristics, including a deeper voice, larger muscles, facial and body...
1.0K
Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Prostacyclin Receptor Agonists01:23

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Prostacyclin Receptor Agonists

154
Prostacyclin receptor agonists are a class of therapeutic agents integral to managing pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). These drugs operate by mimicking the action of prostaglandin I2, or PGI2, a naturally occurring compound in the body.
These agonists bind to the IPR receptor situated on the plasma membrane of the pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. This binding triggers a cascade of reactions known as the GS-AC-cAMP-PKA pathway. This pathway results in the relaxation of smooth muscle...
154
Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

334
Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and...
334
Hormones of the Pituitary Gland01:27

Hormones of the Pituitary Gland

6.3K
The small, pea-sized pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. It is crucial in regulating various bodily functions, from growth to reproduction. The gland is divided into the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The secretory cell clusters in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary lobe are controlled by hypothalamic regulators and synthesize six primary hormones.
The most abundantly secreted hormone from the anterior lobe is the growth hormone, which controls overall growth by...
6.3K
Disorders of the Male Reproductive System01:20

Disorders of the Male Reproductive System

342
Men's health issues are increasingly recognized as significant, with several conditions posing common threats. Among these, testicular cancer is especially prevalent in younger men, particularly those aged 20 to 35 years. The disease often manifests as a painless mass in the testicles, sometimes accompanied by a sensation of heaviness or a dull ache.
Prostate disorders are another major concern. These conditions can impair urinary flow due to the prostate's location around the urethra....
342
Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle01:30

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

424
The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle.  At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...
424

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Role of Tumor Volume and Prolactin Ratios in Differentiating Prolactinomas and Predicting Response to Cabergoline.

Archives of medical research·2026
Same author

Unconventional Uses of Human Growth Hormone.

Archives of medical research·2026
Same author

Single-cell epigenetic landscape, microenvironment interactions, and gene regulatory modules of non-functioning pituitary adenomas.

Cell systems·2026
Same author

Non-traditional barriers to participation in pharmacologic chronic kidney disease clinical trials.

BMC nephrology·2025
Same author

The Nuclear Receptor Nurr1 Modulates the Expression and Activity of PPARγ in Human Pro-Inflammatory Macrophages.

Scandinavian journal of immunology·2025
Same author

Insulin-like growth factor-I and symptoms of acromegaly according to time since somatostatin receptor ligand injection.

European journal of endocrinology·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 9, 2025

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
07:43

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas

Published on: January 17, 2018

18.8K

Overview of Hyperprolactinemia: General Approach and Reproductive Health Implications.

Fabian Haidenberg-David1, Jessica Sidauy-Adissi1, Alberto Moscona-Nissan1

  • 1Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico.

Archives of Medical Research
|October 25, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Elevated prolactin (PRL) levels, or hyperprolactinemia, are common but not always pathological. Understanding diverse causes, from medications to diseases, is crucial for accurate diagnosis and treatment.

Keywords:
Dopamine agonistsHyperprolactinemiaInfertilityProlactinProlactinomasReproduction

More Related Videos

A Hyperandrogenic Mouse Model to Study Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
08:20

A Hyperandrogenic Mouse Model to Study Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Published on: October 2, 2018

11.2K
X-Ray Visualization of Intraductal Ethanol-Based Ablative Treatment for Prevention of Breast Cancer in Rat Models
12:57

X-Ray Visualization of Intraductal Ethanol-Based Ablative Treatment for Prevention of Breast Cancer in Rat Models

Published on: December 9, 2022

2.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 9, 2025

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
07:43

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas

Published on: January 17, 2018

18.8K
A Hyperandrogenic Mouse Model to Study Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
08:20

A Hyperandrogenic Mouse Model to Study Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Published on: October 2, 2018

11.2K
X-Ray Visualization of Intraductal Ethanol-Based Ablative Treatment for Prevention of Breast Cancer in Rat Models
12:57

X-Ray Visualization of Intraductal Ethanol-Based Ablative Treatment for Prevention of Breast Cancer in Rat Models

Published on: December 9, 2022

2.3K

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Reproductive Medicine

Background:

  • Prolactin (PRL) is a pituitary hormone vital for mammary gland development and milk production.
  • Hyperprolactinemia, elevated serum PRL, is a frequent medical consultation.
  • Not all hyperprolactinemia cases are pathological, with drug-induced causes being most common.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the diverse etiologies of hyperprolactinemia.
  • To emphasize the importance of considering various causes to prevent unnecessary investigations.
  • To underscore the impact of hyperprolactinemia on reproductive health.

Main Methods:

  • Review of common and less common causes of hyperprolactinemia.
  • Discussion of diagnostic considerations for elevated prolactin.
  • Analysis of hyperprolactinemia's role in infertility and hypogonadism.

Main Results:

  • Drug-induced hyperprolactinemia (especially by antipsychotics) is the most frequent cause.
  • Other causes include pituitary tumors, physiological states, chronic kidney disease, and hypothyroidism.
  • Hyperprolactinemia is linked to infertility in 15-20% of women and hypogonadism in men.

Conclusions:

  • A comprehensive evaluation considering all potential etiologies of hyperprolactinemia is essential.
  • Accurate diagnosis avoids unnecessary workup and treatment.
  • Hyperprolactinemia significantly impacts reproductive health in both sexes.