The Influence of Circadian Rhythms on DNA Damage Repair in Skin Photoaging

Circadian rhythms, the internal timekeeping systems governing physiological processes, significantly influence skin health, particularly in response to ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Disruptions in circadian rhythms can exacerbate UVR-induced skin damage and increase the risk of skin aging and cancer. This review explores how circadian rhythms affect various aspects of skin physiology and pathology, with a special focus on DNA repair. Circadian regulation ensures optimal DNA repair following UVR-induced damage, reducing mutation accumulation, and enhancing genomic stability. The circadian control over cell proliferation and apoptosis further contributes to skin regeneration and response to UVR. Oxidative stress management is another critical area where circadian rhythms exert influence. Key circadian genes like brain and muscle ARNT-like 1 (BMAL1) and circadian locomotor output cycles kaput (CLOCK) modulate the activity of antioxidant enzymes and signaling pathways to protect cells from oxidative stress. Circadian rhythms also affect inflammatory and immune responses by modulating the inflammatory response and the activity of Langerhans cells and other immune cells in the skin. In summary, circadian rhythms form a complex defense network that manages UVR-induced damage through the precise regulation of DNA damage repair, cell proliferation, apoptosis, inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and hormonal signaling. Understanding these mechanisms provides insights into developing targeted skin protection and improving skin cancer prevention.