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Related Concept Videos

Membrane Fluidity01:26

Membrane Fluidity

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Membrane fluidity is explained by the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane, which describes the plasma membrane structure as a mosaic of components—including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates—that gives the membrane a fluid character.
Mosaic nature of the membrane
The mosaic characteristic of the membrane helps the plasma membrane remain fluid. The integral proteins and lipids exist as separate but loosely-attached molecules in the membrane. The membrane is...
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Fluid Mosaic Model01:19

Fluid Mosaic Model

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Scientists identified the plasma membrane in the 1890s and its principal chemical components (lipids and proteins) by 1915. The model for plasma membrane structure, proposed in 1935 by Hugh Davson and James Danielli, was the first model to be widely accepted in the scientific community. The model was based on the plasma membrane's "railroad track" appearance in early electron micrographs. Davson and Danielli theorized that the plasma membrane's structure resembled a sandwich...
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Assembly of the Lipid Bilayer in the ER01:28

Assembly of the Lipid Bilayer in the ER

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Biological membranes are more than just a barrier separating cell cytoplasm from the outside environment. They are highly dynamic and help maintain the integrity and physiological stability of the cells as well as membrane-bound organelles. Membranes also play vital roles in cell-to-cell and intracellular communication.
A large chunk of any biological membrane is composed of phospholipids. These lipids have a heterogeneous distribution across different subcellular organelles and even between...
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Mechanisms of Membrane-bending01:15

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The living membranes are flexible due to their fluid mosaic nature; however, their bending into different shapes is an active process regulated by specific lipids and proteins. The membrane bending can be transient as seen in vesicles or stable for a long time as in microvilli. Cells regulate the size, location, and duration of the membrane curvature.
Membrane bending can happen due to intrinsic changes in lipid composition or extrinsic association with different proteins. The proteins involved...
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Mechanism of Lamellipodia Formation01:31

Mechanism of Lamellipodia Formation

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Cells migrating in response to external stimuli form lamellipodia, which are thin membrane protrusions supported by a mesh of linked, branched, or unbranched actin filaments. These actin filaments interact with myosin motor proteins, creating the dynamic actomyosin complex within the cytoskeleton. Contractility, or the ability to generate contractile stress, is inherent to the actomyosin complex. It helps cells detect the stiffness of the surrounding ECM and exert contractile force for...
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Mechanisms of Membrane Domain Formation00:59

Mechanisms of Membrane Domain Formation

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Different physical properties of lipids and proteins allow them to localize and form distinct islands or domains in the membrane. Some membrane domains are formed due to protein-protein interactions, whereas others are formed due to the presence of specific lipids such as sphingolipids and sterols—for example, large proteins, such as bacteriorhodopsin, aggregate and create distinct domains.
Another mechanism for membrane domain formation involves membrane proteins interacting with...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 9, 2025

Visualizing Membrane Ruffle Formation using Scanning Electron Microscopy
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Membrane Ruffles: Composition, Function, Formation and Visualization.

Guiqin Yan1, Jie Zhou1, Jiaxin Yin1

  • 1Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|October 26, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Membrane ruffles are actin-based cell protrusions involved in motility and sensing. This review covers their structure, function, formation, and visualization techniques.

Keywords:
calciumcell motilitygrowth factormacropinocytosismembrane rufflesoptic imagingviscosity sensing

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Membrane ruffles are actin-based cell membrane protrusions with diverse structures, including linear and circular dorsal ruffles (CDRs).
  • They play crucial roles in cell motility, macropinocytosis, receptor internalization, and mechanosensing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of the current knowledge on membrane ruffle structure and function.
  • To discuss the mechanisms underlying growth factor-induced and independent membrane ruffling.
  • To summarize inhibitors and visualization techniques for studying membrane ruffles.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of scientific publications on membrane ruffles.
  • Analysis of studies on ruffle formation, regulation, and visualization.

Main Results:

  • Detailed description of linear and circular dorsal ruffles (CDRs) structures.
  • Elucidation of growth factor-dependent and independent pathways triggering membrane ruffling.
  • Compilation of commonly used inhibitors and their specificity in ruffle studies.

Conclusions:

  • Membrane ruffles are dynamic structures with significant roles in cellular processes.
  • Understanding ruffle formation mechanisms is key to deciphering cell behavior.
  • Advanced visualization techniques are essential for studying these complex cellular structures.