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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a short...
Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella01:16

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the neck...
Glaucoma: Overview01:25

Glaucoma: Overview

Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

Muscles of the Shoulder

The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...
Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

Muscles that Move the Arm

Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty
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Published on: July 5, 2011

Injury to the glenoid fossa.

N H Rappaport, P D Scholl, J H Harris

    Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
    |February 1, 1986
    PubMed
    Summary

    This case report details a rare glenoid fossa fracture caused by the mandibular condyle. Diagnosis requires recognizing specific force vectors, even without a subcondylar fracture.

    Area of Science:

    • Orthopedic Surgery
    • Maxillofacial Trauma
    • Anatomy

    Background:

    • Fractures involving the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) are common, but specific injuries to the glenoid fossa are less frequently reported.
    • The mandibular condyle's proximity to the glenoid fossa presents a potential mechanism for direct intra-articular injury.

    Observation:

    • An illustrated case of a fracture extending into the glenoid fossa, directly caused by the mandibular condyle, is presented.
    • The injury mechanism involves specific vector forces directed towards the glenoid region.

    Findings:

    • This rare occurrence, often suspected but infrequently confirmed, involves a fracture through the glenoid fossa.
    • Diagnosis hinges on recognizing the direction of force and potential associated subcondylar fractures.

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    Implications:

    • Awareness of this specific fracture pattern is crucial for accurate diagnosis in patients with facial trauma.
    • Understanding the mechanism aids in developing appropriate treatment strategies for glenoid fossa fractures.