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Related Concept Videos

Development of the Heart01:27

Development of the Heart

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The development of the human heart, a crucial organ, commences from the mesoderm on the 18th or 19th day after fertilization. This process initiates in the cardiogenic area, a group of mesodermal cells at the embryo's head end, which evolves into elongated strands known as cardiogenic cords. These cords undergo a transformation to form hollow-centered endocardial tubes.
As the embryo undergoes lateral folding, these paired tubes approach each other, merging into a single primitive heart...
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Fetal Circulation01:14

Fetal Circulation

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Fetal circulation is a unique system that facilitates the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the developing fetus and the mother. This intricate process takes place through a special organ called the placenta.
Two umbilical arteries transport blood from the fetus to the placenta. At the placenta, the blood absorbs oxygen and nutrients while simultaneously eliminating waste products. This oxygen-enriched and nutrient-rich blood then returns to the fetus through one...
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Anatomy of the Heart01:27

Anatomy of the Heart

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The human heart is made up of three layers of tissue that are surrounded by the pericardium, a membrane that protects and confines the heart. The outermost layer, closest to the pericardium, is the epicardium. The pericardial cavity separates the pericardium from the epicardium. Beneath the epicardium is the myocardium, the middle layer, and the endocardium, the innermost layer. There are four chambers of the heart: the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium, and the left ventricle.
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Location and Orientation of the Heart01:13

Location and Orientation of the Heart

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The human heart, despite its modest size and weight, is an organ of remarkable strength and endurance. Roughly the size of a fist, the heart weighs between 250 and 350 grams and is nestled within the mediastinum, the medial cavity of the thorax. It extends obliquely for about 12 to 14 cm, resting on the superior surface of the diaphragm. The heart is positioned anterior to the vertebral column and posterior to the sternum, with two-thirds of its mass lying to the left of the midsternal line.
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Overview of the Heart01:07

Overview of the Heart

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The heart, a muscular organ located in the chest, functions as the body's pump, circulating blood through the vascular system. It has four chambers: two atria on top and two ventricles below. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body and passes it to the right ventricle, which pumps it to the lungs for oxygenation. The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and transfers it to the left ventricle, which pumps it to the rest of the body.
The heart's...
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Development of Blood Vessels01:07

Development of Blood Vessels

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The development of the vascular system in a fetus is a complex and intricate process that begins as early as 15 to 16 days post-conception. This process starts outside the embryo, specifically in the mesoderm of the yolk sac, chorion, and connecting stalk. Approximately two days later, the formation of blood vessels occurs within the embryo itself.
The initial formation of this system is facilitated by the small amount of yolk present in the ovum and yolk sac. Blood vessels originate from...
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Placental-Heart Axis: An Evolutionary Perspective.

Jadyn Matthews1, Brammy Rajakumar1, Chrystalle Katte Carreon2,3

  • 1Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|October 26, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The placenta is vital for fetal development, mediating nutrient and oxygen transfer. Placental development and function impact fetal health, including congenital heart disease risk, making it key in evolutionary medicine.

Keywords:
congenital heart diseaseevolutionary biologyplacenta

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Evolutionary Medicine
  • Reproductive Biology

Background:

  • The placenta is crucial for fetal development, mediating nutrient and oxygen exchange between mother and fetus.
  • Placental development is linked to the fetal cardiovascular system, with anomalies potentially causing congenital heart disease.
  • Maternal conditions like preeclampsia, characterized by placental dysfunction, are associated with increased congenital heart disease incidence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolutionary and developmental aspects of the placenta.
  • To explore the placenta's role as a mediator between the maternal environment and fetal health.
  • To highlight the implications of placental development and function on infant health outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of placental development and function.
  • Analysis of the relationship between placental anomalies and congenital heart disease.
  • Exploration of the placenta's role in evolutionary medicine.

Main Results:

  • The placenta is essential for fetal growth, facilitating nutrient and oxygen transfer.
  • Placental development parallels fetal cardiovascular development, and its anomalies are linked to congenital heart disease.
  • Placental dysfunction, as seen in preeclampsia, increases the risk of congenital heart disease in infants.

Conclusions:

  • The placenta is a critical organ linking maternal environment to fetal health.
  • Understanding placental evolution and development is vital for addressing infant health issues, including congenital heart disease.
  • The placenta is a key focus in evolutionary medicine for understanding human biology and disease.