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Updated: Jun 9, 2025

Comparative Analysis of Human Growth Hormone in Serum Using SPRi, Nano-SPRi and ELISA Assays
Published on: January 7, 2016
A 2024 Update on Growth Hormone Deficiency Syndrome in Adults: From Guidelines to Real Life
Luigi Simone Aversa1, Daniela Cuboni1, Silvia Grottoli1
1Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy.
Abstract:
Background: Adult growth hormone deficiency (GHD) has been recognized since the late 1980s. The clinical manifestations of adult GHD are often nonspecific, and diagnosis relies on GH stimulation tests, which are intricate, costly, time-consuming, and may carry the risk of adverse effects. Diagnosis is further complicated by factors like age, sex, and BMI, which affect GH response during testing. Therefore, GH replacement therapy remains challenging, requiring careful individualized evaluation of risks and benefits. The aim of this review is to provide an update on diagnosing and treating adult GHD, addressing current limitations and challenges based on recent studies. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive review of the literature regarding the diagnosis and management of adult GHD by searching PubMed and EMBASE. Only articles in English were included, and searches were conducted up to August 2024. Results: A review of guidelines and literature up to 2024 highlights the significant heterogeneity in the data and reveals various protocols for managing GHD, covering both diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Conclusions: Despite diagnostic and treatment advances, managing adult GHD remains challenging due to variable presentation and the need for personalized GH therapy. Future efforts should aim to improve and standardize diagnostic and treatment protocols.
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