Comparative Pharmacokinetics of Sustained-Release versus Immediate-Release Melatonin Capsules in Fasting Healthy...

Background: Exogenous melatonin, a nutraceutical for maintaining a healthy sleep-wake cycle and managing sleep disorders, requires large, repeated doses due to its low bioavailability and short half-life. This necessitates the development of a sustained-release formulation with a longer half-life and sustained plasma concentration. Therefore, exogenous novel 5 mg sustained-release melatonin capsules (Melatonin-SR, test product) were formulated. Methods: This open-label cross-over study compared the pharmacokinetics (maximum concentration [C_max], time to reach C_max [T_max], area under the curve [AUC], and elimination half-life [t_1/2]) and the safety of Melatonin-SR with 5 mg immediate-release melatonin capsules (Melatonin-IR, reference product) after single-dose oral administration in healthy fasting adults. Results: Sixteen participants (aged 18-45 years) were randomized (1:1) to receive either Melatonin-SR or Melatonin-IR in two periods with a 7-day washout period. Melatonin-SR reported a lower C_max (11,446.87 pg/mL) compared to Melatonin-IR (22,786.30 pg/mL). The mean T_max of Melatonin-SR and Melatonin-IR was 1.26 h and 0.87 h, respectively. The mean t_1/2 of Melatonin-SR (5.10 h) was prolonged by five-fold compared to Melatonin-IR (1.01 h). One adverse event (vomiting) was reported following the administration of the Melatonin-IR. Conclusions: Melatonin-SR resulted in higher and sustained plasma melatonin concentrations for an extended period and was well-tolerated. Hence, Melatonin-SR may be a promising nutraceutical for maintaining healthy sleep.