Clinician's Guide to Epitranscriptomics: An Example of N¹-Methyladenosine (m¹A) RNA Modification and Cancer

Epitranscriptomics is the study of modifications of RNA molecules by small molecular residues, such as the methyl (-CH₃) group. These modifications are inheritable and reversible. A specific group of enzymes called "writers" introduces the change to the RNA; "erasers" delete it, while "readers" stimulate a downstream effect. Epitranscriptomic changes are present in every type of organism from single-celled ones to plants and animals and are a key to normal development as well as pathologic processes. Oncology is a fast-paced field, where a better understanding of tumor biology and (epi)genetics is necessary to provide new therapeutic targets and better clinical outcomes. Recently, changes to the epitranscriptome have been shown to be drivers of tumorigenesis, biomarkers, and means of predicting outcomes, as well as potential therapeutic targets. In this review, we aimed to give a concise overview of epitranscriptomics in the context of neoplastic disease with a focus on N¹-methyladenosine (m¹A) modification, in layman's terms, to bring closer this omics to clinicians and their future clinical practice.