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Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes: A Functional Genomics Tool for the Study of Positive-strand RNA Viruses
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Picornavirus Evolution: Genomes Encoding Multiple 2ANPGP Sequences-Biomedical and Biotechnological Utility.

Garry A Luke1, Lauren S Ross1, Yi-Ting Lo2

  • 1School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, Biomolecular Sciences Research Complex, North Haugh, St. Andrews KY16 9ST, UK.

Viruses
|October 26, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Picornaviruses evolved into five supergroups, with complex 2A regions in Paavivirinae. Novel 2A sequences were discovered, expanding tools for biotechnological co-expression applications.

Keywords:
2ANPGP sequencesbiotechnologypicornavirusespolyprotein 2A regionribosome skippingtranslation

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Picornavirus evolution has led to five distinct supergroups, with significant variations in their 2A regions.
  • The 2A region of the picornavirus polyprotein plays a crucial role and is strongly correlated with viral phylogeny.
  • Supergroup 4, the Paavivirinae, exhibits complex 2A regions, often encoding multiple 2ANPGP sequences.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the functional diversity of 2ANPGP sequences within the Paavivirinae.
  • To identify novel 2A-like sequences with potential biotechnological applications.
  • To characterize the translational properties of different 2ANPGP sequences.

Main Methods:

  • In vitro transcription/translation assays were performed using synthetic polyproteins.
  • Green fluorescent protein (GFP) and β-glucuronidase (GUS) were used as reporter genes linked by 2ANPGP sequences.
  • Bioinformatic database searches were conducted to identify potential accessory functions.

Main Results:

  • Two distinct phenotypes of 2ANPGP sequences were observed: highly active sequences and novel sequences that terminated translation.
  • Some 2ANPGP sequences demonstrated high activity, comparable to foot-and-mouth disease virus 2ANPGP.
  • A novel translational termination phenotype was identified for certain 2ANPGP sequences, with no detectable re-initiation of downstream GUS expression.

Conclusions:

  • The identified novel 2A-like sequences significantly broaden the available tools for co-expression in biomedical and biotechnological fields.
  • The diverse functionalities of 2ANPGP sequences highlight their importance in viral polyprotein processing and offer new possibilities for protein expression strategies.
  • Further research into the mechanisms of these novel 2A sequences could lead to advanced protein engineering applications.