Ferritin Vaccine Platform for Animal and Zoonotic Viruses

Viral infections in animals continue to pose a significant challenge, affecting livestock health, welfare, and food safety, and, in the case of zoonotic viruses, threatening global public health. The control of viral diseases currently relies on conventional approaches such as inactivated or attenuated vaccines produced via platforms with inherent limitations. Self-assembling ferritin nanocages represent a novel vaccine platform that has been utilized for several viruses, some of which are currently undergoing human clinical trials. Experimental evidence also supports the potential of this platform for developing commercial vaccines for veterinary viruses. In addition to improved stability and immunogenicity, ferritin-based vaccines are safe and DIVA-compatible, and can be rapidly deployed in response to emerging epidemics or pandemics. This review discusses the structural and functional properties of ferritin proteins, followed by an overview of the design and production of ferritin-based vaccines, the mechanisms of immune responses, and their applications in developing vaccines against animal and zoonotic viruses.