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Injuries, Risk Factors, and Prevention Strategies in Bicycle Motocross (BMX): A Scoping Review

Claire Rockliff¹, Karen Pulsifer¹, Srijal Gupta¹

¹Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Canada.

|October 26, 2024

Abstract

Context:

Bicycle motocross (BMX) has become increasingly popular since its inclusion in the 2008 Olympics, but it has some of the highest injury rates (IRs) in multisport studies. To support planning for tailored primary prevention, understanding gaps in BMX injury prevention is crucial.

Objective:

To examine the evidence on injury incidence, prevalence, risk factors, prevention strategies, and prevention implementation in BMX.

Data Sources:

Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, APA PsycInfo, CINAHL, and SPORTDiscus were searched systematically in June 2023.

Study Selection:

Articles including BMX and any injury as the main topic or subtopic were searched across multiple databases.

Study Design:

A scoping review was designed following the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR).

Level Of Evidence:

Level 4.

Data Extraction:

BMX injury incidences, prevalence, risk factors, prevention strategies, and prevention implementation were extracted. Two reviewers screened all studies and extracted data independently.

Results:

Of the 1856 articles screened, 37 met inclusion criteria. Most studies used injury surveillance at elite competitions or emergency departments, and common injuries were contusions, lacerations, and fractures. IRs provided were based primarily on elite competition and were heterogeneous (eg, 2016 Olympics: 37.5 per 100 athletes; 2007 BMX World Championship: 11.7 per 100 athletes; 1989 BMX Euro Championship: 6.6 per 100 athletes). Only 1 study stratified IRs by BMX discipline (BMX freestyle: IR, 22.2 injuries per 100 athletes; BMX racing: IR, 27.1 per 100 athletes). Few prevention strategies have been evaluated, but reducing the number of riders per race could be helpful.

Conclusion:

Most BMX studies do not use recommended injury surveillance methodology. Studies based on emergency department data may underestimate minor injuries and do not adequately measure BMX exposures. Rigorous community-based prospective studies examining IRs for both BMX racing and freestyle, risk factors, and prevention strategies are needed to inform widespread evidence-based prevention strategies.

Keywords:

BMX injury prevention risk factor

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