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Related Concept Videos

Self-Report Tests of Personality01:22

Self-Report Tests of Personality

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Self-report inventories are objective personality assessments that use multiple-choice items or numbered scales, typically ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). They are often called Likert scales after Rensis Likert. These inventories are widely used due to their ease of administration and cost-effectiveness. One of the most prominent examples is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), initially developed in the 1940s to assess abnormal personality traits.
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One influential perspective on what motivates people's behavior is detailed in Tory Higgin's self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987). He proposed that people hold disagreeing internal representations of themselves that lead to different emotional states.  
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The Stereotype Content Model (SCM) was first proposed by Susan Fiske and her colleagues (Fiske, Cuddy, Glick & Xu, 2002; see also Fiske, 2012 and Fiske, 2017). The SCM specifies that when someone encounters a new group, they will stereotype them based on two metrics: warmth—or that group’s perceived intent, and how likely they are to provide help or inflict harm—and competence—or their ability to carry out that objective. Depending on the warmth-competence...
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)01:27

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The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) serves as the primary classification system for mental health disorders, providing standardized diagnostic criteria for clinicians and researchers. First published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) in 1952, the DSM has undergone several revisions to reflect evolving psychiatric understanding. The fifth edition, DSM-5, released in 2013, introduced key updates that expanded diagnostic categories and modified diagnostic...
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Reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. Reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. In the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways.
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Updated: Jun 9, 2025

The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test MSPT: An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool
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Development, validity and reliability of the "Multiple sclerosis stigma scale".

Hande Sariahmetoglu1, Feray Gungor2, Zeynep Ezgi Kurtpinar3

  • 1Bakirkoy Training and Research Hospital for Psychiatry, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Department of Neurology, Turkey.

Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders
|October 26, 2024
PubMed
Summary

A new 12-item Multiple Sclerosis Stigma Scale (MSSS) was developed and validated. This reliable tool helps assess stigma experienced by individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS), addressing a critical gap in patient care.

Keywords:
DisclosureDiscriminationMultiple sclerosisStigma scleStigmatization

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Psychology
  • Health Sciences

Background:

  • Stigma significantly impacts multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, leading to anxiety, depression, social isolation, and poor treatment adherence.
  • Assessing stigma is crucial for mitigating its adverse effects, yet no specific scale for MS existed.
  • Negative attitudes and beliefs associated with MS diagnosis can profoundly affect patient well-being and outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a comprehensive scale for measuring stigma in multiple sclerosis (MS).
  • The study aimed to create the "Multiple Sclerosis Stigma Scale (MSSS)" to address the need for a specialized assessment tool.

Main Methods:

  • A methodological study was conducted in three phases: concept definition, item pool generation, and psychometric evaluation.
  • Psychometric properties including face, content, construct, convergent validity, and reliability were rigorously assessed.
  • Factor analysis was employed to refine the scale and identify underlying dimensions of MS stigma.

Main Results:

  • The initial pool of 276 items was reduced to a 12-item scale, the MSSS.
  • Factor analysis identified two key factors: discrimination and disclosure.
  • The MSSS demonstrated excellent reliability, with an internal consistency of 0.88 and a stability coefficient of 0.87.

Conclusions:

  • The 12-item Multiple Sclerosis Stigma Scale (MSSS) is a valid and reliable instrument.
  • The MSSS is suitable for assessing stigma levels in Turkish individuals diagnosed with multiple sclerosis.
  • This validated scale provides a crucial tool for understanding and addressing stigma in the MS population.