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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
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Cancer cells accumulate genetic changes at an abnormally rapid rate due to the defects in the DNA repair mechanisms. From an evolutionary perspective, such genetic instability is advantageous for cancer development. Mutant cell lines accumulate a series of beneficial mutations that contribute to their progression into cancer.
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
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Mitogens and their receptors play a crucial role in controlling the progression of the cell cycle. However, the loss of mitogenic control over cell division leads to tumor formation. Therefore, mitogens and mitogen receptors play an important role in cancer research. For instance, the epidermal growth factor (EGF) - a type of mitogen and its transmembrane receptor (EGFR), decides the fate of the cell's proliferation. When EGF binds to EGFR, a member of the ErbB family of tyrosine kinase...
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Analysis of Human T Cell Activity in an Allogeneic Co-Culture Setting of Pre-Treated Tumor Cells
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Metabolic Reprogramming in Cancer: Implications for Immunosuppressive Microenvironment.

Durre Aden1, Niti Sureka2, Samreen Zaheer3

  • 1Department of Pathology, Hamdard Institute of Medical Science and Research, New Delhi, India.

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Cancer cells reprogram their metabolism to fuel growth and evade immune detection. Targeting these metabolic changes offers a promising strategy to boost anti-tumour immunity.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Cancer Metabolism
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Cancer is a complex disease characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation.
  • Cancer cells exhibit metabolic reprogramming to sustain rapid growth and survival.
  • Metabolic reprogramming contributes to an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, aiding tumor progression and immune evasion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review mechanisms of metabolic reprogramming in cancer cells.
  • To discuss how metabolic alterations create an immunosuppressive microenvironment.
  • To explore therapeutic strategies targeting cancer cell metabolism for enhanced anti-tumor immunity.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of mechanisms underlying cancer metabolic reprogramming.
  • Analysis of the contribution of metabolic alterations to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment.
  • Exploration of therapeutic strategies targeting metabolic vulnerabilities.

Main Results:

  • Cancer cells undergo significant metabolic reprogramming.
  • This reprogramming establishes an immunosuppressive microenvironment.
  • Targeting metabolic vulnerabilities can enhance anti-tumor immune responses.

Conclusions:

  • Metabolic reprogramming is a key hallmark of cancer, promoting tumor growth and immune evasion.
  • Understanding these metabolic alterations is crucial for developing novel cancer therapies.
  • Targeting cancer metabolism holds promise for improving cancer immunotherapy.