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Related Concept Videos

Hand hygiene01:23

Hand hygiene

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Asepsis is the practice of preventing or breaking the chain of infection. The nurse employs aseptic techniques to prevent the spread of microorganisms and reduce the risk of diseases. Hand hygiene is the cornerstone of aseptic techniques and is classified into medical and surgical asepsis. Medical asepsis includes hand hygiene and the use of gloves. Surgical asepsis, or the sterile technique, refers to practices that render and keep objects and areas free of microorganisms.
Hand washing...
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Handwashing II: Pre-procedure and Initial Procedure Steps01:19

Handwashing II: Pre-procedure and Initial Procedure Steps

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The pre-procedure steps of handwashing include removing jewelry and rolling up sleeves. However, many organizations allow staff to wear wedding rings.
The hand washing procedure itself includes the following steps. First, cover cuts, if any, on hands with a waterproof dressing. Cuts and abrasions can become contaminated with bacteria hindering the ability to clean the area thoroughly. In addition, repeated hand washing can worsen an injury.  The nails must be short and clean, without nail...
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Handwashing III: During the Procedure and Post-Procedure Steps01:15

Handwashing III: During the Procedure and Post-Procedure Steps

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To wash hands properly, follow these steps:
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Methods of Sterilization I: Physical Methods01:29

Methods of Sterilization I: Physical Methods

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As used in a healthcare facility, sterilization destroys all microorganisms through physical or chemical methods. The physical method includes steam, dry heat, boiling water, and radiation.
Steam sterilization uses non-toxic, low-cost moist heat in the form of saturated steam under pressure, which is fast, microbicidal, and sporicidal, and quickly warms and penetrates fabrics. Autoclaves, or steam sterilizers, expose each item to direct steam contact for a predetermined time at the necessary...
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Cleaning, Sterilization, and Disinfection01:30

Cleaning, Sterilization, and Disinfection

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Cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization are the methods that help to break the infection chain and prevent disease.
Cleaning
The cleaning process usually involves using water with detergents or enzymatic cleaner and removing foreign material from objects and surfaces, including organic material such as body fluids or inorganic material like soil. Cleaning is performed before high-level disinfection and sterilization because foreign materials on the cover of the devices interfere with process...
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PPE Use in Healthcare Settings II: Doffing01:10

PPE Use in Healthcare Settings II: Doffing

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The sequence of removing or doffing PPE starts with the gloves, as they are the most contaminated. Next is removal of the face shield or goggles, as they would interfere with removing other PPE. Then remove the gown, followed by the mask or respirator. Perform hand hygiene between steps if hands become contaminated and immediately after removing all PPE. Generally, the outside front and sleeves of the isolation gown, the goggles or the mask, the respirator, and the face shield are contaminated.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 9, 2025

A Novel High-Throughput Ex Vivo Ovine Skin Wound Model for Testing Emerging Antibiotics
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A Novel High-Throughput Ex Vivo Ovine Skin Wound Model for Testing Emerging Antibiotics

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Skin decontamination with and without water irrigation.

Mikayla J Whalen1,2, Adiel M Aizenberg1,3,2, Farshad Mazda Shirazi1,3,2

  • 1Arizona Poison and Drug Information Center, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.

Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness
|October 28, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Water irrigation is a superior skin decontamination method compared to using a microfiber towel and wet wipe. This study found water rinsing more effective for removing simulated contaminants from skin.

Keywords:
chemical hazard releasedecontaminationhazardous substance

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Area of Science:

  • Emergency Medicine
  • Toxicology
  • Dermatology

Background:

  • Skin decontamination is crucial after chemical hazard releases.
  • Water rinsing and soap washing are common but their efficacy varies.
  • Novel decontamination methods require rigorous evaluation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the efficacy of 15-minute water irrigation versus a multi-step dry decontamination method.
  • To test the hypothesis that water irrigation is not superior to dry decontamination.
  • To evaluate skin decontamination effectiveness for chemical hazard preparedness.

Main Methods:

  • A simulated contaminant was applied to subjects' forearms.
  • Two decontamination methods were tested: 15-minute water irrigation (Method 1) and microfiber towel/wet wipe/microfiber towel (Method 2).
  • Contamination levels were quantified using photographic analysis under visible and ultraviolet light.

Main Results:

  • No residual contamination was visible under ambient light after either method.
  • Significantly less contamination was detected under ultraviolet light after water irrigation (Method 1) compared to the dry method (Method 2).

Conclusions:

  • Water irrigation is a more effective skin decontamination method than the tested dry method.
  • The findings support the use of water-based decontamination in chemical hazard scenarios.
  • Further research may explore optimal water volumes and irrigation times.