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Related Concept Videos

Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:22

Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

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The key clinical manifestations of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) include several distinct cardiac symptoms.Carditis, a hallmark of acute rheumatic fever, involves inflammation of the heart's endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. Chronic RHD often results from recurrent episodes of carditis. Its symptoms include the following:Murmurs are caused by valvular damage, especially to the mitral and aortic valves. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation is common, with characteristic heart murmurs...
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Ultrasonography is an imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to visualize the body's internal structures. It is a non-invasive and safe procedure that does not involve the use of ionizing radiation, making it widely used in various medical fields. Ultrasonography is used to study heart function, blood flow in the neck or extremities, certain conditions such as gallbladder disease, and fetal growth and development.
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Updated: Jun 9, 2025

An Immunohistopathologic Study to Profile the Folate Receptor Beta Macrophage and Vascular Immune Microenvironment in Giant Cell Arteritis
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Ultrasound in GCA: Halo Sign Quantification and Visual Symptoms, Systemic Inflammation and Relapse Risk.

Gen Nen Ho1, Laura Devonshire2, Rainer Klocke1

  • 1Department of Rheumatology, Dudley Group NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom.

Mediterranean Journal of Rheumatology
|October 28, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Halo count and Halo score for temporal and axillary arteries (TAXA) ultrasound did not correlate with clinical outcomes in giant cell arteritis (GCA) patients. Further prospective studies are needed before routine clinical use.

Keywords:
giant cell arteritisocular ischaemiatemporal artery ultrasound

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Area of Science:

  • Vascular Medicine
  • Diagnostic Imaging

Background:

  • Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a systemic vasculitis affecting large arteries.
  • Sonographic scoring systems, like Halo count and Halo score for temporal and axillary arteries (TAXA), are proposed for prognostication in suspected GCA.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the relationship between TAXA Halo count/score and clinical-laboratory parameters in diagnosed GCA patients.
  • To determine the utility of these sonographic measures for routine clinical practice in GCA diagnosis and management.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of ultrasound (US) images of temporal and axillary arteries (TAXA) in patients diagnosed with GCA.
  • Analysis of correlations between Halo count/score and clinical data including ocular symptoms, jaw claudication, relapse risk, and inflammatory markers.

Main Results:

  • No significant correlation was found between Halo count/score and ocular symptoms in GCA patients.
  • No correlation was identified between Halo count/score and jaw claudication, 6-month relapse risk, or inflammatory markers.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed Halo count and Halo score for TAXA ultrasound lack demonstrated correlation with key clinical and laboratory parameters in GCA.
  • Prospective evaluation is necessary to validate these sonographic measures before incorporating them into routine GCA diagnostic protocols.