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Humans continually engage with an environment rich in potentially harmful chemicals. These are introduced to our bodies through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. These chemicals exist in various forms, such as air and environmental pollutants, agricultural chemicals, organic solvents, and heavy metals.
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Updated: Jun 9, 2025

Long-term Behavioral and Reproductive Consequences of Embryonic Exposure to Low-dose Toxicants
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Reproductive toxicology: keeping up with our changing world.

Laura B Miller1, Morgan B Feuz1, Ralph G Meyer1

  • 1Department of Veterinary, Clinical and Life Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States.

Frontiers in Toxicology
|October 28, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Reproductive toxicology testing must evolve to address new risks like endocrine disruptors and intergenerational effects. Modern approaches, including advanced in vitro and in silico methods, are needed to assess male reproductive health comprehensively.

Keywords:
agingendocrine disrupting chemicalsinfertilityintergenerationalmale reproductionnicotinamide adenine dinucleotideobesityreproductive toxicology

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive toxicology and public health.

Background:

  • Traditional reproductive toxicology focuses on acute toxicity and infertility.
  • Emerging concerns include endocrine disruptors and intergenerational health impacts on offspring.
  • Population changes like increased paternal age and obesity necessitate updated testing designs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight limitations in current reproductive toxicology testing protocols.
  • To advocate for expanded reproductive endpoints, including genetic and epigenetic sperm parameters.
  • To discuss the potential of novel methodologies in reproductive toxicology.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current reproductive toxicology testing limitations.
  • Exploration of emerging trends in human reproduction (paternal age, obesity).
  • Discussion of advanced testing strategies: mixture testing, novel animal models, in vitro systems (organoids), multigenerational protocols, in silico modeling, machine learning, and AI.

Main Results:

  • Standard protocols have limitations in representing current population characteristics and exposure circumstances.
  • Adverse outcomes extend beyond infertility to include metabolic, neurodevelopmental, and cancer risks in offspring.
  • Genetic and epigenetic sperm parameters are crucial, underutilized endpoints.

Conclusions:

  • Reproductive toxicology testing requires significant updates to address complex, intergenerational effects and changing population dynamics.
  • Integrating advanced techniques like organoids, AI, and in silico modeling is essential for comprehensive risk assessment.
  • Future testing must incorporate genetic and epigenetic factors to accurately evaluate reproductive toxicants.