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Related Concept Videos

Neural Circuits01:25

Neural Circuits

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Neural circuits and neuronal pools are two of the main structures found in the nervous system. Neural circuits are networks of neurons that work together to carry out a specific task or process. They consist of interconnected neurons and glial cells, which provide structural and metabolic support.
Neuronal pools are collections of nerve cells with similar functions and interact through chemical and electrical signals. These pools include both interneurons (the central neural circuit nodes that...
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Design Example: Frog Muscle Response01:14

Design Example: Frog Muscle Response

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A student is tasked to work on an intriguing experiment involving an RL (Resistor-Inductor) circuit to study the muscle response of a frog's leg to electrical stimulation. The RL circuit plays a crucial role in this experiment, providing the means to control and measure the electrical impulses that trigger muscle contraction.
When the switch connecting the RL circuit is closed, a brief muscle contraction is observed. This is because, at a steady state, the inductor acts like a short...
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Circuit Terminology01:14

Circuit Terminology

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An electrical network is a system composed of interconnected elements, such as resistors, capacitors, inductors, and voltage or current sources. Unlike a circuit, an electrical network does not necessarily form a closed path. In other words, while all circuits can be considered networks due to their interconnected nature, not every network qualifies as a circuit.
A circuit, on the other hand, is also an interconnected system of electrical elements but must contain one or more closed paths.
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    Researchers created a human brain circuit model using stem cells to study sensorimotor networks. This platform reveals neural activity patterns and aids in understanding neurodevelopmental disorders like autism spectrum disorder and Tourette syndrome.

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    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Developmental Biology
    • Stem Cell Biology

    Background:

    • Cortico-striatal-thalamic-cortical (CSTC) circuits are crucial for sensorimotor processing, with dysfunctions linked to neuropsychiatric disorders.
    • Investigating human CSTC circuits in early development has been challenging due to limited direct functional access.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop an *in vitro* human CSTC circuit model using stem cells for functional investigation.
    • To explore emergent network activity and neuronal connectivity within this model.
    • To study the impact of genetic variations, such as *ASH1L* gene loss, on CSTC circuit function.

    Main Methods:

    • Generation of regionalized neural organoids resembling CSTC components.
    • Assembly of organoids into a four-part loop assembloid using 3D-printed wells.
    • Utilized volumetric and mesoscale calcium imaging and extracellular recordings.
    • Employed multi-step rabies retrograde tracing to map neuronal connectivity.

    Main Results:

    • Demonstrated the emergence of synchronized neuronal activity patterns within the loop assembloids.
    • Confirmed the formation of functional neuronal connections across the reconstructed CSTC network.
    • Identified aberrant synchronized activity in *ASH1L* loss-of-function models, relevant to autism spectrum disorder and Tourette syndrome.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed human multi-cellular platform provides unprecedented functional access to developing CSTC circuits.
    • This platform is a valuable tool for studying early human brain development and neurological and psychiatric conditions.
    • It enables the investigation of genetic contributions to CSTC circuit dysfunction in disease states.