Diversity-driven, efficient exploration of a MOF design space to optimize MOF properties

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) promise to engender technology-enabling properties for numerous applications. However, one significant challenge in MOF development is their overwhelmingly large design space, which is intractable to fully explore even computationally. To find diverse optimal MOF designs without exploring the full design space, we develop Vendi Bayesian optimization (VBO), a new algorithm that combines traditional Bayesian optimization with the Vendi score, a recently introduced interpretable diversity measure. Both Bayesian optimization and the Vendi score require a kernel similarity function, we therefore also introduce a novel similarity function in the space of MOFs that accounts for both chemical and structural features. This new similarity metric enables VBO to find optimal MOFs with properties that may depend on both chemistry and structure. We statistically assessed VBO by its ability to optimize three NH₃-adsorption dependent performance metrics that depend, to different degrees, on MOF chemistry and structure. With ten simulated campaigns done for each metric, VBO consistently outperformed random search to find high-performing designs within a 1000-MOF subset for (i) NH₃ storage, (ii) NH₃ removal from membrane plasma reactors, and (iii) NH₃ capture from air. Then, with one campaign dedicated to finding optimal MOFs for NH₃ storage in a "hybrid" ∼10 000-MOF database, we identify twelve extant and eight hypothesized MOF designs with potentially record-breaking working capacity ΔN _NH3 between 300 K and 400 K at 1 bar. Specifically, the best MOF designs are predicted to (i) achieve ΔN _NH3 values between 23.6 and 29.3 mmol g^-1, potentially surpassing those that MOFs previously experimentally tested for NH₃ adsorption would have at the proposed operation conditions, (ii) be thermally stable at the operation conditions and (iii) require only ca. 10% of the energy content in NH₃ to release the stored molecule from the MOF. Finally, the analysis of the generated simulation data during the search indicates that a pore size of around 10 Å, a heat of adsorption around 33 kJ mol^-1, and the presence of Ca could be part of MOF design rules that could help optimize NH₃ working capacity at the proposed operation conditions.