Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

955
When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
955
Secondary Lymphoid Organs01:15

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

1.3K
Secondary organs, including lymph nodes, the spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), work harmoniously to protect us from disease and infection.
The spleen is a vital organ in the lymphatic system, nestled in the upper left side of the abdomen. It is composed of two primary regions: the red pulp and the white pulp, each having distinct functions. The red pulp performs a significant role in blood filtration. It efficiently purges the blood of old or damaged red blood cells and...
1.3K
Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

967
The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
967
Histology of the Small Intestine01:27

Histology of the Small Intestine

546
The small intestine exhibits a unique histological structure that significantly enhances its function in digestion and nutrient absorption. These structures include circular folds, villi, and various specialized cells that collectively facilitate the digestion of food.
The intestinal lining features transverse folds called circular folds, each housing fingerlike projections known as intestinal villi. These villi are covered by a layer of simple columnar epithelium, also referred to as...
546
Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

764
The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
764
Detailed Structure and Function of Lymph Nodes01:23

Detailed Structure and Function of Lymph Nodes

1.4K
Lymph nodes are bean-shaped structures that cluster along the lymphatic vessels in the inguinal, axillary, and cervical regions. Each node is divided into compartments by a capsule that extends trabeculae inward.
From a histological perspective, lymph nodes can be split into two main areas: the superficial cortex and the deep medulla. The outer cortex is populated by dendritic cells, macrophages, and B lymphocytes, which are densely packed into follicles. When these B-lymphocytes are presented...
1.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Transbronchial Lung Cryobiopsy and Awake Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery in Interstitial Lung Disease: Complementary Roles in a Stepwise Diagnostic Approach.

Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Case Report: Pulmonary alveolar adenoma: a case series from a single institution and literature review.

Frontiers in oncology·2026
Same author

Fibrotic chronic eosinophilic pneumonia: from inflammation to fibrosis and therapeutic implications.

European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society·2026
Same author

Telomere integrity, epigenetic aging, and genetic burden shape biological aging trajectories in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

npj aging·2026
Same author

CHIMERA: A Phase II Study of Neoadjuvant Pembrolizumab in Combination With Cisplatin or Carboplatin and Pemetrexed Followed by Surgery and Adjuvant Pembrolizumab in Resectable Pleural Mesothelioma.

Clinical lung cancer·2026
Same author

Use of a composite, 3D-printed patch as a partial airway replacement: A pilot study on the porcine model.

Bioengineering & translational medicine·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 9, 2025

Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice
07:07

Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice

Published on: June 27, 2020

5.2K

Tertiary lymphoid structures and B-cell infiltration are IPF features with functional consequences.

Elisabetta Cocconcelli1, Elisabetta Balestro1, Graziella Turato1

  • 1Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.

Frontiers in Immunology
|October 28, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) and B cells are present in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) from the disease's onset. TLS activity correlates with disease progression, indicating their role in IPF mechanisms.

Keywords:
B cellCD40IPF progressionautoimmunityearly IPF

More Related Videos

Unraveling Key Players of Humoral Immunity: Advanced and Optimized Lymphocyte Isolation Protocol from Murine Peyer's Patches
08:25

Unraveling Key Players of Humoral Immunity: Advanced and Optimized Lymphocyte Isolation Protocol from Murine Peyer's Patches

Published on: November 21, 2018

13.6K
Highly Resolved Intravital Striped-illumination Microscopy of Germinal Centers
10:07

Highly Resolved Intravital Striped-illumination Microscopy of Germinal Centers

Published on: April 9, 2014

10.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 9, 2025

Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice
07:07

Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice

Published on: June 27, 2020

5.2K
Unraveling Key Players of Humoral Immunity: Advanced and Optimized Lymphocyte Isolation Protocol from Murine Peyer's Patches
08:25

Unraveling Key Players of Humoral Immunity: Advanced and Optimized Lymphocyte Isolation Protocol from Murine Peyer's Patches

Published on: November 21, 2018

13.6K
Highly Resolved Intravital Striped-illumination Microscopy of Germinal Centers
10:07

Highly Resolved Intravital Striped-illumination Microscopy of Germinal Centers

Published on: April 9, 2014

10.0K

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Pulmonology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) literature suggests B cell and autoantibody presence, implying tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) formation.
  • However, TLS are not traditionally recognized as a histological feature of IPF.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify TLS presence, size, and activation in early and late-stage IPF lungs.
  • To correlate TLS characteristics with clinical course, disease progression, and lung inflammation in IPF patients.

Main Methods:

  • Immunohistochemistry was used to analyze B cells and inflammatory cells (CD4, CD8, CD45) in lung tissue from IPF patients and controls.
  • TLS activation was assessed via CD40 expression.
  • Patients were categorized as slow or rapid progressors based on spirometry over follow-up.

Main Results:

  • B cells and inflammatory cells were significantly higher in IPF patients compared to controls.
  • TLS were found in all IPF patients (early and end-stage) and 50% of controls.
  • TLS area and activation were greater in end-stage IPF than early IPF and controls.
  • TLS activation score correlated with forced vital capacity (FVC) decline in rapid progressors.

Conclusions:

  • B cell infiltration and TLS are integral to IPF from its early stages.
  • TLS activity is linked to disease progression, specifically FVC decline in rapid progressors.
  • TLS likely play a significant role in IPF pathogenesis and advancement.