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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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Immunodeficiency Diseases01:25

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Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 9, 2025

Isolation of Exosomes from the Plasma of HIV-1 Positive Individuals
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Central Memory CD4 T Cells from Persons with HIV Accumulate DNA Content Defects During Proliferative Response.

Dámaris P Romero-Rodríguez1, Jessica Romero-Rodríguez2, Fernanda Cervantes-Mejía2

  • 1Flow Cytometry Core Facility, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases "Ismael Cosío Villegas," Mexico City, Mexico.

AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses
|October 28, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Central memory (TCM) cells in people living with HIV (PLWH) accumulate DNA defects during cell division, leading to cell death. This explains the increased TCM cell turnover observed in HIV infection.

Keywords:
HIV/AIDSHIV/AIDS pathogenesisT-lymphocytescell cycle

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Central memory (TCM) cells are crucial for maintaining CD4 T cell counts in HIV infection.
  • The mechanisms causing TCM cell loss in HIV remain unclear, despite their increased proliferation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the cell division and cell cycle behavior of TCM cells in people living with HIV (PLWH).
  • To understand the proneness of TCM cells to death during HIV infection.

Main Methods:

  • Purified circulating TCM cells from untreated PLWH and healthy controls were stimulated in vitro.
  • Cell viability, DNA content, proliferation, and cyclin expression were analyzed over 4 days.

Main Results:

  • TCM cells from PLWH showed a higher frequency of DNA content below G0/G1 compared to controls.
  • PLWH TCM cells with sub-G0/G1 DNA content were more likely to be cycling (expressing cyclin A).
  • A greater percentage of PLWH TCM cells expressed cyclin A within the G0/G1 phase, suggesting a pre-G2/M arrest.

Conclusions:

  • HIV-infected TCM cells accumulate DNA defects during proliferation, leading to cell cycle-dependent death.
  • These defects provide a potential mechanism for the increased TCM cell turnover in HIV infection.