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Related Concept Videos

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Enzymes like flippase, floppase, and scramblase transfer phospholipids from one layer to another in the membrane, thereby affecting membrane asymmetry.
Flippase
Eukaryotic flippases are type-IV P-type ATPases or P4-ATPases belonging to P-type ATPase family proteins that are membrane-bound pumps involved in the ATP-mediated transport of ions and molecules across the membrane. Flippases flip specific phospholipids from the outer to the inner leaflet of a membrane. All P4-ATPases have one...
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The rough ER membrane synthesizes, assembles, and embeds transmembrane proteins in diverse topologies. These proteins function as transporters or channels and can remain in the ER membrane or are sent to the Golgi complex, lysosome, and cell membrane.
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Transporters are essential membrane transport proteins with functions related to cell nutrition, homeostasis, communication, etc. Approximately 7% of all genes in the human genome code for transporters or transporter-related proteins.
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Integral membrane proteins are tightly associated with the cell membrane and play a crucial role in cell communication, signaling, adhesion, and transport of the molecules. Some integral membrane proteins are present only in the membrane monolayer. For example, the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase is present in the cytoplasmic side of the membrane monolayer. In contrast, another type of integral membrane protein, also known as a transmembrane protein, spans across the membrane. Transmembrane...
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ATP-binding cassette or ABC transporter is the largest superfamily of integral membrane proteins. The transporters have transmembrane-binding domains (TMDs) and nucleotide-binding domains (NBDs). The TMDs are specific to their substrates, whereas the NBDs are similar to engines that complete ATP hydrolysis to complete the substrate transport. They can be full transporters consisting of two TMDs and NBDs, half transporters with one TMD and NBD, while some encoded with a single TMD or NBD are...
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In multi-pass transmembrane proteins, the polypeptide chain crosses the membrane more than once. The transmembrane polypeptide chain either forms an α-helix or β-strand structure. α-Helix containing multi-pass transmembrane proteins are ubiquitous, whereas β-strand containing ones are mainly found in gram-negative bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts.
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Aromatic foldamer-derived transmembrane transporters.

Danyang Zhang1, Wenju Chang1, Jie Shen1

  • 1College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China. wenjuchang@fzu.edu.cn.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)
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Aromatic foldamers are revolutionizing transmembrane transport by mimicking natural ion channels. These engineered molecules offer precise control over ion selectivity and show promise for therapeutic and biomaterial applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Biomaterials Science
  • Chemical Biology

Background:

  • Aromatic foldamers are emerging as powerful tools for mimicking biological functions.
  • Natural ion channel proteins play crucial roles in cellular transport.
  • Understanding and replicating these functions is key for therapeutic development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide the first comprehensive review of transmembrane transporters based on aromatic foldamers.
  • To highlight advancements in foldamer design for mimicking ion channel proteins.
  • To explore the potential of foldamers in therapeutic and biomaterial applications.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent literature (past decade) on aromatic foldamer transporters.
  • Analysis of molecular engineering strategies for foldamer design.
  • Examination of foldamer structures, including helical arrangements and tunable cavities.
  • Assessment of foldamer selectivity for ions (K+, Li+, H+) and water.

Main Results:

  • Aromatic foldamers demonstrate significant strides in mimicking natural ion channel functions.
  • Engineered foldamer structures achieve efficient and selective transport across lipid bilayers.
  • Specific modifications enable precise control over ion selectivity and transport efficiency.
  • Foldamers show notable selectivity for K+, Li+, H+, and water molecules.

Conclusions:

  • Aromatic foldamer-based transporters represent a significant innovation in molecular engineering.
  • These molecules hold transformative potential for therapeutic applications and biomaterial design.
  • Future research should focus on advanced molecular designs, synthesis optimization, and interdisciplinary collaboration.