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Connecting Past to Present: Does Historical Redlining Affect Current Life Expectancy?

Charlotte Freifeld1, Ava Camarero1, Joanne Oh1

  • 1Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.

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Historical and modern redlining significantly reduce life expectancy. This research shows that the discriminatory housing practices of the past continue to impact public health today, decreasing longevity in affected communities.

Keywords:
Health outcomesLife expectancyPublic policyRedliningStructural racism

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Urban Planning
  • Sociology

Background:

  • Historical redlining, originating in the 1930s, is linked to higher disease prevalence in formerly redlined areas.
  • The relationship between historical redlining, contemporary redlining practices, and current resident health outcomes remains understudied.
  • This study investigates the combined impact of historical and modern redlining on present-day health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To model the associations between historical redlining (1940s HOLC ratings) and modern-day redlining (HMDA data) on current health outcomes.
  • To explore the mediating roles of racial segregation, structural racism, and health outcomes in the redlining-health relationship.
  • To quantify the impact of both historical and modern redlining on current life expectancy across U.S. census tracts.

Main Methods:

  • Structural equation modeling was employed to analyze data from 11,661 U.S. census tracts.
  • Historical redlining data (HOLC grades) and modern redlining data (HMDA mortgage rejection rates) were utilized.
  • Data on racial segregation, structural racism, health outcomes, and life expectancy were incorporated for the period 2010-2022.

Main Results:

  • A significant negative relationship was found between historical redlining and current life expectancy (5.0 years difference between HOLC 1 and HOLC 4 tracts).
  • Modern-day redlining also showed a significant negative association with current life expectancy (6.4 years difference between HMDA 1 and HMDA 4 quartiles).
  • Structural equation modeling indicated that historical redlining decreased life expectancy by 1.18 years per HOLC rating increase, and modern redlining by 1.89 years per HMDA quartile increase.

Conclusions:

  • The legacy of historical redlining persists, demonstrating a tangible impact on present-day public health.
  • Modern-day redlining practices continue to exacerbate health disparities and reduce life expectancy.
  • Redlining is an ongoing public health concern, not merely a historical artifact.