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Related Concept Videos

Chemical Reactions01:19

Chemical Reactions

A chemical reaction is a process by which the bonds in the atoms of substances are rearranged to generate new substances. Matter cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction—the same type and number of atoms that make up the reactants are still present in the products. Merely, the rearrangement of chemical bonds produces new compounds.
Chemical Reactions Rearrange Atoms into New Substances
A chemical reaction takes starting materials—the reactants—and changes them into different...
Chemical Reactions02:26

Chemical Reactions

A balanced chemical equation provides the information of chemical formulas of the reactants and products involved in the chemical change. A reaction’s stoichiometry helps predict how much of the reactant is needed to produce the desired amount of product, or in some cases, how much product will be formed from a specific amount of the reactant.
The relative amounts of reactants and products represented in a balanced chemical equation are often referred to as stoichiometric amounts. However, in...
Multi-Step Reactions02:31

Multi-Step Reactions

Chemical reactions often occur in a stepwise fashion involving two or more distinct reactions taking place in a sequence. A balanced equation indicates the reacting species and the product species, but it reveals no details about how the reaction occurs at the molecular level. The reaction mechanism (or reaction path) provides details regarding the precise, step-by-step process by which a reaction occurs. Each of the steps in a reaction mechanism is called an elementary reaction. These...
Coupled Reactions01:17

Coupled Reactions

Cellular processes such as building and breaking down complex molecules occur through stepwise chemical reactions. Some of these chemical reactions are spontaneous and release energy, whereas others require energy to proceed. Cells often couple the energy-releasing reaction with the energy-requiring one to carry out important cell functions. 
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A Single-Component System01:24

A Single-Component System

In the field of chemistry, the terms "component" and "phase" hold significant importance. A component refers to a chemically distinct substance in a system that has specific properties. It is chemically homogeneous, meaning it has the same properties throughout. For example, in a mixture of salt and water, both salt and water are considered separate components because they have different chemical properties.On the other hand, a phase is a form of matter that has a consistent chemical...
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Two Components: Liquid–Liquid Systems

A pressure-composition phase diagram explicitly describes the behavior of an ideal solution of two volatile liquids under varying pressures and compositions. A pressure-composition diagram has two main curves. The bubble point curve represents the plot of pressure versus liquid mole fraction. It indicates the pressure at which the first bubble of vapor forms from the liquid phase as the system pressure decreases.The dew point curve is the pressure versus vapor mole fraction. It indicates the...

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Aqueous Droplets Used as Enzymatic Microreactors and Their Electromagnetic Actuation
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Programmable Plasma-Microdroplet Cascade Reactions for Multicomponent Systems.

Alexander J Grooms1, Isabella M Marcelo1, Robert T Huttner1

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|October 28, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces programmable cascade reactions in charged microdroplets using plasma-generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) for efficient carbon-carbon bond formation. The novel approach accelerates reactions and enables selective synthesis, offering a green method for chemical production.

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Area of Science:

  • Green Chemistry
  • Synthetic Organic Chemistry
  • Plasma Chemistry

Background:

  • Traditional synthesis often requires harsh conditions and catalysts.
  • Microdroplet reactions offer unique environments for chemical transformations.
  • Nonthermal plasma is a source of reactive species for chemical synthesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a programmable cascade reaction platform in charged microdroplets.
  • To utilize in situ generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) for accelerated, uncatalyzed C-C bond formation.
  • To demonstrate product selectivity and preparative-scale synthesis capabilities.

Main Methods:

  • Fusion of nonthermal plasma-generated ROS with charged water microdroplets via coaxial spray.
  • Real-time generation and delivery of ROS into microdroplets.
  • Three-tier study: Michael addition, novel C-C bond formation, and Hantzsch cascade reactions.

Main Results:

  • Achieved >10^3 reaction enhancement factors compared to microdroplet-only reactions.
  • Enabled uncatalyzed Michael additions and Hantzsch reactions with high selectivity.
  • Demonstrated formation of enolate anions via hydrogen abstraction by ROS, avoiding strong bases.
  • Facilitated novel C-C bond formation using activated pro-electrophilic substrates.
  • Collected milligram quantities of products, indicating preparative-scale feasibility.

Conclusions:

  • Plasma-microdroplet fusion is an effective platform for programmable, cascade reactions.
  • The method provides a green synthetic route for uncatalyzed C-C bond formation.
  • The platform offers control over product selection and avoids unwanted side reactions.