Deep learning modeling of RNA ac4C deposition reveals the importance of plant alternative splicing

The N4-acetylcytidine (ac4C) modification has recently been characterized as a noncanonical RNA marker in plants. While the precise installation of ac4C sites in individual plant transcripts continues to present challenges, the biological roles of ac4C in specific plant species are gradually being deciphered. Herein, we utilized a deep learning technique called iac4C (intelligent ac4C) to predict ac4C sites in mRNA. ac4C deposition was effectively forecasted by the iac4C model (AUROC = 0.948), revealing a reliable distribution pattern primarily situated in the transcribing area as opposed to regions that are not translated. The iac4C deep learning approach using a combination of BiGRU and self-attention mechanisms both validates previous studies showing a positive correlation between ac4C and RNA splicing in plant species and reveals new examples of other splicing events associated with ac4C. Our advanced deep learning algorithm for analyzing ac4C enables swift identification of important biological phenomena that would otherwise be challenging to uncover through traditional experimental approaches. These findings provide insight into the essential regulatory function of site-specific ac4C deposition in alternative splicing processes. The source code and datasets for iac4C are available at https://github.com/xlwei507/iac4C .