Squeezable Hydrogel Microparticles for Single Extracellular Vesicle Protein Profiling

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are promising for molecular diagnostics, but current analyses are limited by the rarity and compositional heterogeneity of EV protein expression. Therefore, single EV profiling methods require high sensitivity, multiplexing, and throughput to address these issues. Here a single EV analysis technique that utilizes squeezable methacrylated hyaluronic acid hydrogel microparticles (MHPs) is described as a scaffold to immobilize EVs and perform an integrated rolling circle amplification (RCA) assay for an ultra-sensitive and multiplex analysis of single EV proteins. EVs are prepared into MHPs in a high-throughput manner with droplet microfluidics and optimally labeled with antibody-oligonucleotide conjugates in MHPs without steric limitations. By designing MHPs with high compressibility, single EV protein signals are amplified as RCA products that can be aligned on the same plane by physically squeezing MHPs and visualized with low magnification. This method provides a simple and scalable single EV imaging analysis pipeline for identifying multiplex marker expression patterns from single EVs. For validation, the single EV heterogeneity of highly expressed cancer cell markers is profiled across different cancer cell lines. These findings exemplify squeezable MHPs as a robust platform with high sensitivity, multiplexing, and scalability for resolving single EV heterogeneity and advancing molecular assay technologies.