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Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language01:10

Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Therapy Interventions for Upper Limb Amputees Undergoing Selective Nerve Transfers
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Targeted Muscle Reinnervation Compared to Standard Peripheral Nerve Management Following Amputation: A Systematic

Alexis J Zimbulis1, Vincent V G An2, Michael Symes2,3,4

  • 1University of Notre Dame School of Medicine, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.

Hand (New York, N.Y.)
|October 29, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Targeted muscle reinnervation (TMR) significantly reduces phantom limb pain (PLP) and residual limb pain (RLP) after amputation compared to standard treatment. TMR also improves function and decreases opioid use, with primary TMR showing better outcomes.

Keywords:
amputationdiagnosisnervenerve injurynerve reconstructionpainspecialtysurgerytrauma

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Area of Science:

  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Surgical Innovation
  • Pain Management

Background:

  • Amputation often leads to chronic pain, including phantom limb pain (PLP) and residual limb pain (RLP).
  • Targeted muscle reinnervation (TMR) is a surgical technique to restore motor function by rerouting residual nerves.
  • Current treatments for post-amputation pain present significant challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and compare outcomes of TMR versus standard neurological treatment (SNT) after amputation.
  • To analyze patient-reported and functional outcomes.
  • To examine differences between primary and secondary TMR and outcomes in comorbid patients.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic literature search of central databases was conducted.
  • Meta-analysis was performed on extracted data from identified studies.
  • Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria for the review.

Main Results:

  • TMR significantly reduced PLP and RLP compared to SNT, based on multiple pain assessment scores.
  • Patients undergoing TMR experienced improved functional outcomes and reduced opioid consumption.
  • Primary TMR (at time of amputation) yielded better pain scores than secondary TMR.

Conclusions:

  • TMR is a beneficial surgical adjunct for managing pain and improving function in amputee patients.
  • Further research is needed, particularly concerning TMR outcomes in patients with comorbidities.
  • TMR represents a promising advancement in post-amputation care.