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The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
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In addition to multiple alleles at the same locus influencing traits, numerous genes or alleles at different locations may interact and influence phenotypes in a phenomenon called epistasis. For example, rabbit fur can be black or brown depending on whether the animal is homozygous dominant or heterozygous at a TYRP1 locus. However, if the rabbit is also homozygous recessive at a locus on the tyrosinase gene (TYR), it will have an unshaded coat that appears white, regardless of its TYRP1...
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Updated: Jun 9, 2025

Detection and Removal of Tooth-Colored Composite Resin Using the Fluorescence-Aided Identification Technique
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How many tooth colors are there?

Sascha Hein1, Ján Morovič2, Peter Morovič3

  • 1School of Design, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.

Dental Materials : Official Publication of the Academy of Dental Materials
|October 29, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Existing dental shade guides do not adequately represent the full spectrum of natural tooth colors. This study found 1173 unique tooth colors, suggesting a need for 92 shades for ideal coverage, highlighting limitations of current guides.

Keywords:
CIELABCardinalityCoverage errorShade guidesTooth color

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Area of Science:

  • Dental Materials Science
  • Color Science in Dentistry
  • Esthetic Dentistry

Background:

  • Accurate shade matching is crucial for successful dental restorations.
  • Current shade guides, such as Vita Classical and Vita 3D-Master, are widely used but their coverage of natural tooth color gamut is not well-defined.
  • Understanding the limitations of existing guides is essential for improving restorative outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To estimate the number of distinct natural tooth colors using in-vivo measurements.
  • To evaluate the coverage error (CE) and coverage error percentage (CEP) of common dental shade guides.
  • To determine the optimal number of shades required for comprehensive natural tooth color representation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized in-vivo CIELAB measurements of 8153 untreated teeth via calibrated dental photography.
  • Applied cardinality analysis to identify unique natural tooth colors.
  • Calculated CE and CEP using Euclidean distance (ΔEab) against clinical perceptibility (PT) and acceptability (AT) thresholds for Vita Classical and Vita 3D-Master guides.

Main Results:

  • Identified 1173 unique natural tooth colors.
  • Vita Classical guide showed a CE of 4.1 ΔEab with 75% of colors beyond AT; Vita 3D-Master had a CE of 3.3 ΔEab with 70% beyond AT.
  • An ideal shade guide requires 92 discrete shades for full gamut coverage, with a CE of 1.2 ΔEab and 0.3% CEP beyond AT.

Conclusions:

  • Current shade guides (Vita Classical, 3D-Master) inadequately cover the natural tooth color gamut.
  • An estimated 92 shades are needed for optimal coverage, a number impractical for current physical guides.
  • Future advancements in digital dentistry and 3D printing may provide solutions for more comprehensive shade representation.