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Related Concept Videos

Sympathetic Signaling01:32

Sympathetic Signaling

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Sympathetic signaling, a vital part of the autonomic nervous system, plays a crucial role in mobilizing the body's resources in response to stress or emergencies. It involves the transmission of nerve impulses from sympathetic preganglionic fibers to postganglionic fibers. This results in the release of specific neurotransmitters and activation of adrenergic receptors.
Sympathetic preganglionic fibers release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) onto the ganglionic neurons in the...
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The Sympathetic Nervous System01:25

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Overview
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Sympathetic Division of the ANS01:19

Sympathetic Division of the ANS

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The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays a crucial role in preparing the body for stress, physical activity, and increased energy demands. This division activates the "fight-or-flight" response, enabling individuals to respond effectively to challenging situations.
Originating in the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord segments, the preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division exit the spinal cord through the white ramus communicans. They then enter the...
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Sympathetic Pathways: Collateral Ganglia and Adrenal Medulla01:28

Sympathetic Pathways: Collateral Ganglia and Adrenal Medulla

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The sympathetic pathways of the collateral ganglia and adrenal medulla serve unique but interconnected roles in the sympathetic response.
Collateral Ganglia
Sympathetic preganglionic axons reach the collateral ganglia along the route of splanchnic nerves. These nerves bypass the sympathetic trunk and communicate with sympathetic postganglionic neurons housed in the prevertebral ganglia. These ganglia supply the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity.
The greater splanchnic nerve, formed by the...
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Sympathetic Activation01:17

Sympathetic Activation

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The sympathetic division can influence tissues and organs by releasing norepinephrine at peripheral synapses and distributing epinephrine and norepinephrine through the bloodstream. In times of crisis or stress, sympathetic activation occurs, which is regulated by sympathetic centers in the hypothalamus. As a result, sympathetic activation prepares the body for physical exertion, rapid ATP production, and heightened alertness, allowing individuals to respond effectively to challenging or...
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GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity01:09

GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity

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Some GPCRs transmit signals through adenylyl cyclase (AC), a transmembrane enzyme. AC helps synthesize second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). AC catalyzes cyclization reaction and converts ATP to cAMP by releasing a pyrophosphate. The pyrophosphate is further hydrolyzed to phosphate by the enzyme pyrophosphatase, which drives cAMP synthesis to completion. However, cAMP is rapidly degraded to 5′ AMP by the enzymes phosphodiesterase (PDE), preventing overstimulation of...
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Updated: Jun 9, 2025

Quantifying Acute Changes in Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activity in Response to Central Nervous System Manipulations in Anesthetized Rats
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RGS Proteins in Sympathetic Nervous System Regulation: Focus on Adrenal RGS4.

Anastasios Lymperopoulos1, Renee A Stoicovy1

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Nova Southeastern University Barry and Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Davie/Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328-2018, USA.

Frontiers in Bioscience (Landmark Edition)
|October 30, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Regulator of G protein Signaling 4 (RGS4) controls norepinephrine release from sympathetic neurons and catecholamine secretion from adrenal cells. Targeting RGS4 may offer new treatments for sympathetic nervous system disorders like hypertension.

Keywords:
G protein-coupled receptorcatecholamine secretionchromaffin cellfree fatty acid receptor-3norepinephrine releaseregulator of G protein signaling-4signal transductionsympathetic nervous system

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pharmacology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) regulates homeostasis via norepinephrine (NE) from neurons and epinephrine/NE from adrenal chromaffin cells.
  • G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) extensively control NE release and catecholamine (CA) secretion.
  • Regulator of G protein Signaling (RGS) proteins, particularly RGS4, act as GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) to dampen GPCR signaling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of RGS proteins, focusing on RGS4, in regulating sympathetic neuronal NE release and adrenal chromaffin cell CA secretion.
  • To explore the therapeutic potential of RGS4 modulation for SNS-related diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies investigating RGS proteins, specifically RGS4.
  • Analysis of RGS4's involvement in terminating calcium signaling pathways (FFAR3 and cholinergic) in relevant cell types.

Main Results:

  • RGS4 regulates NE release from cardiac sympathetic neurons by inhibiting free fatty acid receptor 3 (FFAR3) calcium signaling.
  • RGS4 controls NE and epinephrine (Epi) secretion from adrenal chromaffin cells by terminating cholinergic calcium signaling.
  • These actions highlight RGS4's critical role in modulating SNS output.

Conclusions:

  • RGS4 is a key regulator of both neuronal norepinephrine release and adrenal catecholamine secretion.
  • Pharmacological targeting of RGS4 presents a promising therapeutic strategy for conditions involving sympathetic nervous system dysfunction, including heart failure and hypertension.