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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

Muscles of the Shoulder

The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
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Introduction to the Human Microbiota01:22

Introduction to the Human Microbiota

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The Skin Microbiota01:27

The Skin Microbiota

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Microbiome of the Eye

The human eye has a specialized microbiota that reflects its unique anatomical and immunological environment. This low-biomass microbial community predominantly colonizes the conjunctiva and eyelid margins, playing a vital role in ocular surface homeostasis and defense. Despite its proximity to the richly colonized facial skin, the ocular surface maintains a distinct microbial profile due to continuous mechanical and biochemical defense mechanisms.The conjunctival surface hosts fewer microbial...
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Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract

The human respiratory tract, comprising the upper and lower segments, serves as a critical interface with the external environment. The upper respiratory tract (URT)—including the nostrils, sinuses, pharynx, and oropharynx—is heavily colonized by microbes, while the lower respiratory tract (LRT), composed of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs, was long thought to be sterile. However, recent molecular studies have revealed that the lungs are not devoid of microbes but act more like...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 18, 2026

Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty
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The shoulder microbiome: a systematic review and meta analysis.

Rajpal S Narulla1, Xiaolong Chen1,2,3, Ashish D Diwan1,2

  • 1St George and Sutherland Clinical School, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques
|October 30, 2024
PubMed
Summary

The native shoulder joint harbors a microbiome, with over 50% of samples showing organisms like C. acnes. This discovery impacts understanding of shoulder conditions and surgical outcomes.

Keywords:
ArthroplastyInfectionMicrobiomeRotator cuffStabilizationSurgery

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Research
  • Microbiome Studies
  • Human Physiology

Background:

  • The shoulder joint, once thought sterile, is now known to host a native microbiome.
  • The etiology of common shoulder conditions like osteoarthritis and rotator cuff tears remains unclear.
  • The shoulder microbiome may play a role in joint health or disease pathogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and characterize existing research on the native shoulder joint microbiome.
  • To consolidate findings on microbial presence, common organisms, and colonization rates.
  • To assess the relationship between the shoulder microbiome and postoperative outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review and meta-analysis of Medline, Embase, Cochrane, and SCOPUS databases.
  • Searched using terms like 'shoulder,' 'microbiome,' 'infection,' and 'colonization.'
  • Included human studies of non-operated shoulders undergoing surgery; excluded reviews, animal, and cadaveric studies.

Main Results:

  • 47 studies with 3283 patients were analyzed.
  • Native shoulder samples showed organisms in 50.8% of cases, predominantly C. acnes.
  • Skin preparation reduced colonization from 55.7% to 43.5%, with a postoperative infection rate of 1.8%.

Conclusions:

  • Strong evidence supports the existence of a native shoulder microbiome.
  • Further research is needed to fully characterize this microbiome.
  • Understanding the shoulder microbiome could inform treatment of shoulder pathologies.