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Related Concept Videos

The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

The Tumor Microenvironment

Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
Loss of Tumor Suppressor Gene Functions01:12

Loss of Tumor Suppressor Gene Functions

Tumor suppressor genes are normal genes that can slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, or program the cells for apoptosis in case of irreparable damage. Hence, they play an essential role in preventing the proliferation of damaged cells.
When the tumor suppressor genes develop mutations or are lost, cells start growing out of control, leading to cancer. However, a single functional copy of the tumor suppressor gene is enough for the cells to maintain their normal functions and cell...
Tumor Progression02:07

Tumor Progression

Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
Colon cancer is one of the best-documented examples of tumor progression. Early mutation in the APC gene in colon cells causes a small growth on the colon wall called a polyp. With time, this polyp grows into a benign, pre-cancerous tumor. Further...
The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

The Tumor Microenvironment

Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
Loss of Tumor Suppressor Gene Functions01:12

Loss of Tumor Suppressor Gene Functions

Tumor suppressor genes are normal genes that can slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, or program the cells for apoptosis in case of irreparable damage. Hence, they play an essential role in preventing the proliferation of damaged cells.
When the tumor suppressor genes develop mutations or are lost, cells start growing out of control, leading to cancer. However, a single functional copy of the tumor suppressor gene is enough for the cells to maintain their normal functions and cell...
Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

An Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model for Gene Delivery Studies
07:48

An Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model for Gene Delivery Studies

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Altered immunophenotypic expression in the peripheral bladder cancer immune landscape.

Nathan J Mackenzie1,2, Kate Zimmermann1,3,4, Clarissa Nicholls1,2

  • 1Queensland University of Technology (QUT), School of Biomedical Sciences at Translational Research Institute (TRI), Brisbane, QLD, Australia.

Immunology and Cell Biology
|October 30, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Peripheral blood immune cells in bladder cancer (BC) patients show altered profiles, with lower B cells and higher T cells. Immune checkpoint markers like PD-1 are elevated, potentially predicting BC progression and guiding personalized treatments.

Keywords:
Bladder cancerflow cytometryimmunologyperipheral bloodprecision medicine

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3-D Cell Culture System for Studying Invasion and Evaluating Therapeutics in Bladder Cancer

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  • Urology

Background:

  • Bladder cancer (BC) treatments targeting the immune system benefit only a subset of patients.
  • Biomarkers are needed to predict BC progression and response to therapies.
  • Peripheral blood immune profiles may offer insights into BC.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate associations between peripheral blood immune subsets, immune checkpoint markers, and clinicopathologic features in BC.
  • To identify potential biomarkers for BC progression and treatment response.

Main Methods:

  • Flow cytometry analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 23 BC patients and 9 controls.
  • Assessment of T, B, NK, and myeloid cell populations using a 21-parameter panel.
  • Evaluation of immune checkpoint markers programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM-3).

Main Results:

  • BC patients exhibited lower circulating CD19+ B cells and elevated CD4+CD8+ T cells compared to controls.
  • Elevated PD-1 and TIM-3 expression in peripheral immune cells of BC patients.
  • Increased PD-1 expression on T and myeloid cells correlated with muscle-invasive BC.
  • PD-1 expression on T, B, and myeloid cells associated with tumor stage, suggesting immune exhaustion predicts progression.

Conclusions:

  • The peripheral blood immunophenotype is altered in BC patients.
  • Elevated immune checkpoint marker expression in peripheral blood may predict BC progression.
  • Understanding these immune alterations can aid in developing diagnostic/prognostic indicators for personalized BC treatments.