Rational nanoparticle design for efficient biomolecule delivery in plant genetic engineering

The pressing issue of food security amid climate change necessitates innovative agricultural practices, including advanced plant genetic engineering techniques. Efficient delivery of biomolecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins into plant cells is essential for targeted crop improvements, yet traditional methods face significant barriers. This review discusses the multifaceted challenges of biomolecule delivery into plant cells, emphasizing the limitations of conventional methods. We explore the promise of nanoparticle-mediated delivery systems as a versatile alternative. By highlighting the diverse design parameters used to tune the physical and chemical properties of nanoparticles, we analyze how these factors influence delivery efficacy. Furthermore, we summarize recent advancements in nanoparticle-mediated delivery, showcasing successful examples of DNA, RNA, and protein transport into plant cells. By understanding and optimizing these design parameters, we can enhance the potential of nanoparticle technologies in plant genetic engineering, paving the way for more resilient and productive agriculture.