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Related Concept Videos

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

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The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
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The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
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The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
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Overview of the Skull01:08

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The cranium (skull) is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain. It is subdivided into the facial bones and the brain case, or cranial vault. The facial bones underlie the facial structures, form the nasal cavity, enclose the eyeballs, and support the teeth of the upper and lower jaws.
The cranial vault surrounds and protects the brain and houses the middle and inner ear structures. This cavity is bounded superiorly by the rounded top of the skull, which...
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Related Experiment Video

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Visual Outcomes of Children With Craniosynostosis.

Sally L Painter1, Laura Wadlow1, Shivani Kasbekar2

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham.

The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery
|October 30, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Craniosynostosis impacts child vision, with modern care reducing severe visual loss. While strabismus and glasses are common, serious vision impairment is rare, showing improved outcomes in multidisciplinary settings.

Keywords:
Craniofacialcraniosynostosisoptic atrophystrabismusvision

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Pediatric Ophthalmology
  • Craniofacial Surgery

Background:

  • Craniosynostosis historically posed significant vision loss risks, especially with syndromes.
  • Modern multidisciplinary care aims to mitigate these risks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the incidence of ophthalmic pathology in children with craniosynostosis.
  • To evaluate visual development and outcomes in a contemporary craniofacial practice.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of 43 children (aged 7-13) in ophthalmic craniofacial clinics (Feb 2020 - June 2021).
  • Assessment included visual acuity, ocular alignment, optic nerve function, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) for retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL).

Main Results:

  • 67% required glasses, 49% had strabismus, and 9% had papilledema.
  • 22% showed RNFL changes on OCT; 2 children had refractive amblyopia impacting driving standards.
  • No cases of optic atrophy or vision loss from exposure keratopathy were observed.

Conclusions:

  • Persistent high incidence of strabismus and need for glasses in craniosynostosis patients.
  • Binocular visual impairment is rare, with 95% meeting UK driving standards.
  • Improved craniofacial care and multidisciplinary teamwork correlate with better visual outcomes.