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Related Concept Videos

Protein Glycosylation01:25

Protein Glycosylation

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Glycosylation, the most common post-translational modification for proteins, serves diverse functions. Adding sugars to proteins makes the proteins more resistant to proteolytic digestion. Glycosylated proteins can act as markers and receptors to promote cell-cell adhesion. Additionally, they have many essential quality control functions in the cell, such as correct protein folding and facilitating transport of misfolded proteins to the cytosol, which can be degraded.
Glycosylation occurs in...
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Oligosaccharide Assembly01:24

Oligosaccharide Assembly

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Protein glycosylation starts in the ER lumen and continues in the Golgi apparatus. Glycosyltransferases catalyze the addition of sugar molecules or glycosylation of proteins. Usually, these enzymes add sugars to the hydroxyl groups of selected serine or threonine residues to form O-linked glycans or the amino groups of asparagine residues to form N-linked glycans. Different positions on the same polypeptide chain can contain differently linked glycans.
Multiple sugar molecules that may or may...
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Proteoglycans01:05

Proteoglycans

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Glycans, a class of complex heterogeneous molecules, can be covalently attached to proteins to form glycosylated proteins that regulate various physiological and pathological processes. Glycosylated proteins or glycoproteins comprise N-linked and O-linked oligosaccharides. O-glycosylation is the most common type of protein glycosylation. Here, glycans attach to the oxygen atom of the hydroxyl groups of Serine or Threonine residues. O-linked glycosylation occurs later in protein processing,...
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Glycosaminoglycans01:23

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Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), also known as mucopolysaccharides, are long and linear polymers comprising of specific repeating disaccharides - the amino sugar that can be N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine, and a uronic acid that is usually glucuronic acid or iduronic acid.
GAGS are found in the extracellular matrix of vertebrates, invertebrates, and bacteria. Due to their polar nature they attract water, and serve as excellent lubricants or shock absorbers in an animal body.
Hyaluronic...
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Glycocalyx and its Functions01:14

Glycocalyx and its Functions

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The glycocalyx is a carbohydrate-rich, fuzzy-appearing layer on the outer surface of the cell membrane. It is highly hydrophilic, because of this it attracts large amounts of water to the cell's surface. This aids the cell's interaction with the watery environment and also helps it to obtain substances dissolved in the water. It is also important for cell identification, self/non-self determination, and embryonic development and is used in cell-to-cell attachments to form tissues.
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TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

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The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors...
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Sugar Highs: Recent Notable Breakthroughs in Glycobiology.

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Glycosylation, the process of adding sugars to molecules, is vital for health and disease. Recent advances show its importance in viral infections, cancer, and RNA, offering new therapeutic possibilities.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
  • Immunology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Glycosylation is a complex post-translational modification essential for numerous biological processes.
  • Aberrant glycosylation is implicated in various diseases, including viral infections and cancer.
  • Understanding glycosylation is crucial for developing novel therapeutic strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent significant advances in glycobiology.
  • To highlight the role of glycosylation in SARS-CoV-2 infection and immunity.
  • To explore the implications of glycosylation in cancer biology and immunotherapy, as well as in glycosylated RNAs.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies in glycobiology.
  • Focus on research related to viral infections, cancer, and RNA.
  • Synthesis of findings to illustrate the significance of glycosylation.

Main Results:

  • Recent research demonstrates the critical role of glycosylation in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and immune response.
  • Glycosylation patterns are altered in cancer, presenting targets for immunotherapy.
  • Discovery of novel glycosylated RNAs expands the understanding of gene regulation.

Conclusions:

  • Glycosylation is a fundamental biological process with broad implications in health and disease.
  • Manipulating glycosylation holds significant therapeutic promise for infectious diseases and cancer.
  • Further research into glycosylation, including novel forms like glycosylated RNAs, is warranted.