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Related Concept Videos

Transcription Elongation Factors02:35

Transcription Elongation Factors

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Transcription elongation is a dynamic process that alters depending upon the sequence heterogeneity of the DNA being transcribed. Hence, it is not surprising that the elongation complex's composition also varies along the way while transcribing a gene.
The transcription elongation is regulated via pausing of RNA polymerase on several occasions during transcription. In bacteria, these halts are necessary because the transcription of DNA into mRNA is coupled to the translation of that mRNA...
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Duplication of Chromatin Structure02:05

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The process of chromosome duplication during cell division requires genome-wide disruption and re-assembly of chromatin. The chromatin structure must be accurately inherited, reassembled, and maintained in the daughter cells to ensure lineage propagation.
The basic unit of the chromatin is the nucleosome, consisting of DNA wrapped around octameric histone proteins and short stretches of linker DNA separating individual nucleosomes. The histone proteins within the nucleosome have their...
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Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing02:41

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In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
The chromatin structure, especially...
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Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression02:35

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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
Topologically Associated Domains (TADs)
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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer...
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Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base-pairs of DNA. Each base-pair is 0.34 nm long, which means that each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of DNA. How is such a long DNA strand packed inside a nucleus measuring only 10 - 20 microns in diameter? 
The chromatin
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Chromatin Transcription Elongation - A Structural Perspective.

Lucas Farnung1

  • 1Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

Journal of Molecular Biology
|October 30, 2024
PubMed
Summary

RNA polymerase II navigates chromatin during transcription by unwrapping DNA from nucleosomes. Elongation factors assist this process, maintaining genome stability and epigenetic regulation.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Structural Biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Transcription in eukaryotic cells occurs within chromatin, necessitating passage through nucleosomes.
  • Recent structural biology advances illuminate transcription elongation mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a structural perspective on transcription through chromatin.
  • To highlight recent findings on RNA polymerase II-nucleosome complexes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of high-resolution structural data.
  • Analysis of RNA polymerase II and elongation factor interactions.

Main Results:

  • Detailed mechanisms of nucleosomal DNA unwrapping during transcription.
  • Roles of elongation factors (SPT4/5, SPT6, ELOF1, PAF1 complex) in transcription through nucleosomes.
  • Insights into nucleosome retention and transfer during elongation.

Conclusions:

  • Structural insights clarify the interplay between transcription machinery and chromatin.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for balancing genetic accessibility with genome stability and epigenetic regulation.