Short-term exercise counteracts accelerated ageing impacts on physical performance and liver health in mice

Senescence impairs liver physiology, mitochondrial function and circadian regulation, resulting in systemic metabolic dysregulation. Given the limited research on the effects of combined exercise on an ageing liver, this study aimed to evaluate its impact on liver metabolism, circadian rhythms and mitochondrial function in senescence-accelerated mouse-prone 8 (SAMP8) and senescence-accelerated mouse-resistant 1 (SAMR1) mice. Histological, reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and immunoblotting analyses were conducted, supplemented by transcriptomic data sets and AML12 hepatocyte studies. Sedentary SAMP8 mice exhibited decreased muscle strength, reduced mitochondrial complex I levels and increased lipid droplet accumulation. In contrast, combined exercise mitigated muscle strength loss, upregulated proteins involved in mitochondrial complexes (CIII, CIV, CV) and increased Bmal1 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in the liver. These molecular adaptations are associated with healthier liver phenotypes and may influence metabolic function and cellular longevity. Notably, elevated lipid content in aged mice was reduced post-exercise, indicating liver benefits even after a relatively short intervention. The combined exercise regimen did not improve aerobic capacity, likely due to the low volume and brief duration of running. Moreover, no significant effects were observed in SAMR1 mice, possibly because the training intensity was insufficient for younger, healthier animals. These findings underscore the potential of combined strength and endurance exercise to attenuate age-related liver dysfunction, particularly in ageing populations.