Planning and evaluating an integrated clinical exercise oncology service: an exploratory mixed-methods study

This project aimed to design and evaluate the potential to integrate an exercise oncology service into clinical care in a local healthcare system. The goal was to inform the design of an implementation strategy to promote its sustainable use in standard care.

This two-phase, exploratory study used a mixed-methods approach. First, qualitative measures were used to understand the context for exercise integration into oncology care by clinicians and administrators in the healthcare system. Next, the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, Maintenance (RE-AIM) framework guided a comprehensive evaluation of the exercise service. Reach and Adoption were measured via number of patients enrolled in the program relative to those treated. Adoption was measured via referrals from stakeholders. Implementation was described using the program structure and delivery. Maintenance was described using hospital funding decisions. Effectiveness was assessed using the Bellarmine Norton Assessment Tool (BNAT) and Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy - Fatigue Scale.

Phase 1 context analysis suggested critical elements to guide program delivery, including limiting participants to post-primary treatment (surgery, chemotherapy and radiation) and streamlining referral process. The Phase 2 evaluation demonstrated suboptimal program reach (2%); significant program effectiveness (improved physical function (BNAT; p = 0.05 ) and decreased fatigue (p < 0.05)); receptiveness to program adoption (75%); and strong potential for program maintenance.

Traditional approaches to exercise oncology research trials are not easily integrated into healthcare systems. Designing an exercise program for meaningful integration and sustainment requires understanding the context where the program will be delivered, followed by intentional and continuous engagement with key stakeholders to ensure the program continues to meet the needs of the system. Initial exploration of the settings is critical to inform a comprehensive implementation strategy.

clinicaltrials.gov: NCT06039488. Prospectively Registered Sept 15th, 2023.