Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 9, 2025

Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Whole Kidney, Medulla, and Cortical Tubules in Diabetic Pathogenesis of Kidney Injury in Mice

Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Whole Kidney, Medulla, and Cortical Tubules in Diabetic Pathogenesis of Kidney Injury in Mice

Published on: May 2, 2025

Comparison of Thyroid Function Tests Among Type 2 Diabetes Patients With and Without Diabetic Nephropathy and

J T V Krishna Pavan Kumar¹, Uma M A¹

¹General Medicine, PES Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Kuppam, IND.

|October 31, 2024

Abstract

Background:

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder associated with hyperglycemia and impaired insulin function. Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a common complication of T2DM, characterized by progressive kidney damage. Thyroid dysfunction, particularly hypothyroidism, has been increasingly recognised as a significant factor influencing the progression of DN.

Objective:

To compare thyroid function tests in patients with T2DM with and without diabetic nephropathy and non-diabetic controls, and to assess the role of thyroid dysfunction in DN progression.

Methods:

A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 225 participants. Patients were divided into three groups: T2DM with DN, T2DM without DN, and controls, with 75 participants in each group. Data collection included demographic details, comorbidities, and clinical assessments such as blood pressure, thyroid function tests, urinary albumin levels, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), renal function tests, serum electrolytes, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS version 20.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Results: The most common DN stage among T2DM patients was stage 4 (29, 38.7%), followed by stages 2 and 5 (19, 25.3% each). The T2DM with DN (47, 62.7%) group had a higher prevalence of overweight and obesity compared to the T2DM without DN group (38, 51.5%) and controls (24, 32%) (p value<0.001). Abnormal cardiovascular, respiratory, and abdominal examinations were most prevalent in the T2DM with DN group. Hypothyroidism was more prevalent in both T2DM groups (14, 18.7% each) compared to controls (2, 2.7%) (p value<0.004). Conclusion: Our findings strengthen the evidence of an important link between T2DM and thyroid disorders. The high prevalence of thyroid dysfunction among T2DM patients highlights the critical need for routine screening and integrated management of both conditions to enhance patient outcomes.

Keywords:

diabetes mellitus diabetic nephropathy hypothyroidism thyroid dysfunction thyroid function tests thyroid screening

More Related Videos

A High-Throughput Electrochemiluminescence 7-Plex Assay Simultaneously Screening for Type 1 Diabetes and Multiple Autoimmune Diseases

A High-Throughput Electrochemiluminescence 7-Plex Assay Simultaneously Screening for Type 1 Diabetes and Multiple Autoimmune Diseases

Published on: May 29, 2020

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

Related Concept Videos

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...

Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy

Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy

The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
Insulin remains the cornerstone of treatment for most patients with type 1 and many...

Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications

Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications

For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
Starch accounts for approximately 60% of the carbohydrates consumed by humans. Since amylase enzymes cannot function in the stomach's acidic environment, starch can only be digested in the mouth and small intestine. Simple sugars are found naturally in milk and fruits in...

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility,...

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

A Comparative Study of Deaths Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic During the First and Second Waves in a Tertiary Care Center of a Rural Area in South India.

Cureus·2024

See all related articles