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Related Concept Videos

Cell Polarization by Rho Proteins01:21

Cell Polarization by Rho Proteins

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Cell polarity is the asymmetric distribution of cellular and membrane components, making one side of the cell different from the other. This polarity is essential to many processes such as embryogenesis, axon migration, glucose transport across epithelial cells, and directional cell migration. A migrating cell responds to intracellular or extracellular signals via molecular cascades that reorganize the actin cytoskeleton to establish this polarity. In these cells, the Rho family proteins Cdc42,...
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Ras and Rho are small monomeric GTPases that act downstream of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and regulate various cellular processes. These GTPases switch between active and inactive states by binding to guanine nucleotides.
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Contractile rings are composed of microfilaments and are responsible for separating the daughter cells during cytokinesis. Contractile ring assembly proceeds along with other cell cycle events; however, very few mechanistic details are known about the timing and coordination of the contractile rings with the cell cycle.
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A migrating cell changes its shape during the cyclic events of attachment and detachment from the substratum and repositions the cell organelles correspondingly. These complex events are orchestrated by the dynamic cytoskeletal network comprising actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. Cytoskeletal crosstalk — the direct and indirect communication between the different components — is crucial for this coordination. Direct communication involves various linker...
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Meiosis II entails cell division and segregation of the sister chromatids, resulting in the production of four unique haploid gametes. The steps for meiosis II are similar to mitosis, except that meiosis II occurs in haploid cells, whereas mitosis occurs in diploid cells.
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Blebs are a type of membrane protrusion formed by the internal hydrostatic pressure of the cytoplasm. Blebs are observed in several cell types, including fibroblasts, immune cells, and single-celled organisms like the amoeba. The primary function of blebs is cell locomotion and apoptosis, but they are also found during necrosis and cell division. The life cycle of a bleb comprises an initiation phase followed by the expansion and retraction phases.
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Related Experiment Video

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RhoC GTPase Activation Assay
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The Heterotaxy Gene CCDC11 Is Important for Cytokinesis via RhoA Regulation.

Saurabh S Kulkarni1, Rachel E Stephenson2, Sarah Amalraj3

  • 1Department of Cell Biology and Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

Cytoskeleton (Hoboken, N.J.)
|October 31, 2024
PubMed
Summary

CCDC11 protein is crucial for cell division (cytokinesis) and organ development. Its regulation of RhoA impacts left-right patterning, offering insights into heterotaxy disease.

Keywords:
XenopusCFAP53RhoAciliacongenital heart diseasecytokinesisleft–right patterning

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Heterotaxy (Htx) is a disorder affecting left-right organ patterning.
  • Mutations in CCDC11 (cfap53) are linked to heterotaxy in patients.
  • Xenopus Ccdc11 depletion models Htx, causing LRO multiciliation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the role of CCDC11 in left-right patterning.
  • Determine the mechanism behind CCDC11-associated multiciliation.
  • Elucidate CCDC11's function in cytokinesis and its link to heterotaxy.

Main Methods:

  • Xenopus laevis model system.
  • Ccdc11 depletion via morpholino injection.
  • Immunofluorescence microscopy to observe CCDC11 and RhoA localization.
  • Analysis of cell division and ciliogenesis.

Main Results:

  • Ccdc11 depletion causes defects in left-right patterning and multiciliation of LRO cells.
  • CCDC11 is essential for successful cytokinesis.
  • CCDC11 localizes to the contractile ring during cytokinesis, overlapping with RhoA.
  • CCDC11 regulates RhoA protein levels.

Conclusions:

  • CCDC11 plays a vital role in cytokinesis by regulating RhoA.
  • This regulation of RhoA by CCDC11 connects cellular division to left-right organ patterning.
  • Dysregulation of CCDC11-RhoA interaction may underlie heterotaxy pathogenesis.