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Caspases01:24

Caspases

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Caspase, a family of cysteine proteases, serve as effectors in apoptosis. The ced3 gene in C.elegans was first identified to be involved in apoptosis. This gene encodes the ced-3 caspase that is similar to the interleukin-1-beta converting enzyme or ICE in mammals. In addition to apoptosis, caspases also function in the inflammatory response. Inflammatory caspases are essential in activating pro-inflammatory cytokines that recruit immune cells and block the replication of pathogens inside...
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The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

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Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
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Overview of Cell Death01:30

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Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
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Apoptosis01:30

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Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size...
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The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

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The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
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Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells01:17

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Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
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Updated: Jun 9, 2025

Apoptosis Induction and Detection in a Primary Culture of Sea Cucumber Intestinal Cells
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Pathogen-induced apoptosis in echinoderms: A review.

Weitao Tu1, Ming Guo1, Zhen Zhang1

  • 1State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.

Fish & Shellfish Immunology
|October 31, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Echinoderms use apoptosis, a programmed cell death, to fight pathogens. This review details their complex apoptotic pathways and how pathogens manipulate this crucial immune response.

Keywords:
ApoptosisEchinodermInnate immune responsePathogen

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Area of Science:

  • Marine biology
  • Immunology
  • Cell biology

Background:

  • Echinoderms are valuable models for biological studies due to unique traits.
  • Echinoderms face significant economic losses from marine pathogens impacting aquaculture.
  • Apoptosis is crucial for echinoderms to eliminate infected cells and maintain homeostasis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and synthesize current knowledge on echinoderm apoptosis.
  • To explore the complexity of echinoderm apoptotic pathways and novel signaling mechanisms.
  • To investigate host-pathogen interactions modulating echinoderm apoptosis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on echinoderm apoptosis.
  • Analysis of transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of apoptosis in echinoderms.
  • Examination of pathogen strategies to manipulate echinoderm apoptotic pathways.

Main Results:

  • Echinoderm apoptotic pathways are complex, comparable to vertebrates, with potentially novel signaling mechanisms.
  • Echinoderms employ diverse mechanisms to regulate apoptosis in response to infections.
  • Pathogens have evolved strategies to inhibit or induce echinoderm apoptosis for their survival.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding echinoderm apoptosis reveals new insights into animal immune defense.
  • This review highlights the evolutionary arms race between echinoderm hosts and pathogens.
  • Further research into echinoderm apoptosis may uncover novel therapeutic targets.