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Related Concept Videos

Cold Weather Concreting01:27

Cold Weather Concreting

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When freshly poured concrete is exposed to freezing temperatures before it has set, the water within the concrete can freeze. This expansion disrupts the setting process, delays chemical reactions necessary for hardening, and increases the volume of pores within the hardened concrete, which weakens its overall structure. If the concrete manages to reach an appreciable strength before it freezes, the damage can be somewhat mitigated.
To counteract the negative impacts of cold weather, ensuring...
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Brick Durability, Strength, and Appearance01:15

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Brick durability, strength, and appearance are crucial factors in construction, influencing the choice of bricks for specific applications. The process of freeze-thaw, for instance, significantly affects brick durability. This phenomenon occurs when water absorbed by a brick expands as it freezes, potentially causing damage when it melts and refreezes. Bricks are graded for durability: SW-grade bricks are the most durable, offering high strength and low water absorption, followed by MW-grade...
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Masonry in Cold and Hot Weather Conditions01:21

Masonry in Cold and Hot Weather Conditions

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In cold weather, masonry construction requires specific precautions to ensure mortar does not freeze before curing, as this can significantly weaken its strength and watertightness. Mortar temperature should be maintained between 60°F and 80°F to support proper hydration and curing. Below 40°F, mortar water must be heated, but should not exceed 120°F as high temperatures can reduce mortar's compressive and bond strength.
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Frost Action on Concrete01:27

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Concrete structures in cold climates, such as those along roadsides, can retain moisture. This moisture makes them susceptible to frost-related damage when temperatures fall below freezing. Adding moisture worsens the damage during temperature fluctuations, leading to repeated freezing and thawing. De-icing salts, spread over these structures to melt ice, add to the freeze-thaw cycle, and draw even more moisture into the concrete.
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Frost Resistant Concrete01:29

Frost Resistant Concrete

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Concrete's susceptibility to frost damage during freeze-thaw cycles demands strategic measures to enhance its frost resistance. Employing techniques like air entrainment, adjusting the water-cement ratio, proper curing, and selecting appropriate aggregates are essential.
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Effects of Air-entrainment in Concrete01:28

Effects of Air-entrainment in Concrete

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Air entrainment in concrete significantly enhances the material's durability, especially in environments subjected to freeze-thaw cycles. Introducing small air bubbles into the concrete mix acts as internal voids that accommodate the expansion of water when it freezes, thereby alleviating internal stress and preventing structural cracks. This function is crucial in climates with significant freezing and thawing, as it protects the concrete from repeated stresses that could lead to premature...
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Production of Germ-Free Fast-Growing Broilers from a Commercial Line for Microbiota Studies
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How do crate materials impact the winter transport of broilers?

Myunghwan Yu1, Elijah Ogola Oketch1, Nuwan Chamara Chathuranga1

  • 1Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea.

Animal Bioscience
|November 1, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Plastic crates are better for broiler chickens during winter transport, as iron crates increase stress indicators like cortisol and lactate. This research highlights improved animal welfare with plastic crates for winter broiler transportation.

Keywords:
Animal WelfareBroilersCrateMeat QualityStressTransportation

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Area of Science:

  • Animal Science
  • Poultry Husbandry
  • Meat Science

Background:

  • Pre-slaughter transportation negatively affects broiler welfare, meat yield, and quality.
  • The impact of different crate types during winter transport on broilers is not well-understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effect of plastic versus iron crates on broiler chickens during winter transport.
  • To assess the impact on meat quality, carcass traits, and physiological stress indicators.

Main Methods:

  • 175 male Ross 308 broilers were transported 20 km in 40 minutes under winter conditions (-1°C).
  • Birds were housed in iron (25/crate) or plastic (15/crate) crates at a density of 173 cm²/kg.
  • A control group of 15 birds remained on the farm without transport.

Main Results:

  • No significant differences in carcass traits were observed between crate types.
  • Transported broilers in both crate types showed reduced a* meat color values compared to controls.
  • Iron crates resulted in higher b* values for breast meat and elevated blood cortisol, glucose, and lactate levels.

Conclusions:

  • Iron crates significantly increase physiological stress markers (cortisol, glucose, lactate) in broilers during winter transport.
  • Plastic crates are more favorable for broiler welfare, showing reduced stress indicators compared to iron crates.
  • The choice of crate type is crucial for mitigating stress and maintaining broiler welfare during winter transportation.