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Related Concept Videos

Implicit Memories01:24

Implicit Memories

100
Implicit memories, also known as non-declarative memories, are long-term memories that function outside of conscious awareness. These memories influence behavior and skills without explicit knowledge. This type of memory is evident in tasks like playing tennis, snowboarding, and texting. Implicit memory has three subsystems: procedural memory, conditioning, and priming. This type of memory is essential in various activities, from everyday tasks to specialized skills.
One key aspect of implicit...
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Explicit Memories01:27

Explicit Memories

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Explicit memories, also known as declarative memories, are consciously remembered, recalled, and reported. Studying for a chemistry exam involves material that will become part of explicit memory. There are two types of explicit memory: episodic and semantic.
Episodic memory contains information about personally experienced events and is reported as a story. An example of episodic memory is recalling a birthday celebration. This type of memory includes the what, where, and when of an event, as...
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High-Level and Low-Level Awareness01:19

High-Level and Low-Level Awareness

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Controlled processes in human consciousness represent high-alert mental states where individuals deliberately focus their attention on achieving specific goals. Controlled processes can be seen in situations like mastering new technology, where a person might become so absorbed that they ignore surrounding distractions. Such processes involve selective attention, requiring one to concentrate on particular elements of experience while disregarding others. These are governed by executive...
248
Retrieval01:12

Retrieval

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Retrieval is the process of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness. This ability is essential for daily tasks like brushing hair and teeth, driving to work, and performing job duties. Retrieval occurs in three ways: recall, recognition, and relearning.
Recall involves accessing information without cues, such as during an essay test, where individuals must retrieve facts and concepts from memory unaided. Another example is remembering the name of a colleague...
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Repressed Memory01:16

Repressed Memory

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Repressed memories are a psychological phenomenon where memories of traumatic events are unconsciously blocked from a person's awareness. This process occurs as a defense mechanism, protecting the mind from the emotional impact of distressing or painful experiences. For example, a person who has experienced childhood trauma may grow up with no conscious recollection of the event. In such cases, the memories are thought to be buried deep within the subconscious, inaccessible to the conscious...
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Working Memory01:24

Working Memory

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Working memory refers to a combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow an individual to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks. It is an essential cognitive function that enables the execution of complex tasks such as problem-solving, comprehension, and reasoning. Unlike short-term memory, which simply involves the storage of information for a brief period, working memory involves the active manipulation and processing of this...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2025

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotional Autobiographical Recollection
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Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotional Autobiographical Recollection

Published on: August 26, 2011

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Executive control can query hidden human memories.

Chong Zhao, Keisuke Fukuda, Geoffrey F Woodman

    Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
    |November 1, 2024
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Even when explicit memory retrieval fails, executive control mechanisms can still access stored visual memories. This indicates higher brain functions can reach memories not consciously recalled.

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    Area of Science:

    • Cognitive Neuroscience
    • Human Memory Research

    Background:

    • Explicit memory retrieval can fail, leading to the inability to recall stored information despite its presence in long-term memory.
    • Understanding the accessibility of non-retrieved memories is crucial for cognitive function.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate whether executive control mechanisms can access visual representations in long-term memory even when explicit retrieval fails.
    • To determine if stored memories, inaccessible through conscious recall, are still reachable by higher-level brain processes.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing experimental paradigms to probe visual long-term memory.
    • Comparing the success rates of explicit memory retrieval versus executive control querying.

    Main Results:

    • Explicit memory retrieval mechanisms occasionally fail to access stored visual representations.
    • Executive control mechanisms demonstrated the ability to quickly query memory and confirm the storage of representations, even when explicit recall was unsuccessful.

    Conclusions:

    • Stored memories that are not consciously accessible via explicit retrieval remain directly accessible to the brain's executive control systems.
    • This suggests a dissociation between explicit recall and the underlying accessibility of memory representations for higher cognitive functions.