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Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

3.0K
Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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Aging01:26

Aging

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Aging is a complex biological phenomenon influenced by various processes that affect cellular and systemic functions. Several prominent theories attempt to explain its mechanisms, highlighting cellular limitations, oxidative damage, and hormonal changes as central factors in aging.
Cellular Clock Theory
The cellular clock theory posits that the human lifespan is closely tied to the finite capacity of cells to divide, a phenomenon governed by telomeres, which are protective caps at the ends of...
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Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation02:19

Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation

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The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent...
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Replication in Eukaryotes01:29

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In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high fidelity before cell division, so there are many proteins that fulfill specialized roles in the replication process. Replication occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination, and ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2025

Parallel Measurement of Circadian Clock Gene Expression and Hormone Secretion in Human Primary Cell Cultures
06:53

Parallel Measurement of Circadian Clock Gene Expression and Hormone Secretion in Human Primary Cell Cultures

Published on: November 11, 2016

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When to Trust Epigenetic Clocks: Avoiding False Positives in Aging Interventions.

Daniel S Borrus1, Raghav Sehgal2, Jenel Fraij Armstrong2

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|November 1, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Newer epigenetic clocks, trained on mortality, reliably track aging interventions. Older clocks, trained on chronological age, often yield false positives, indicating a need to re-evaluate published findings.

Keywords:
age reversalaging interventionsbiomarkersepigenetic clocksfalse positives

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Area of Science:

  • Biogerontology
  • Epigenetics
  • Biomarker Discovery

Background:

  • Aging interventions aim to reduce morbidity and mortality risk.
  • Epigenetic clocks, based on DNA methylation, are used to measure intervention effects on healthspan.
  • Discrepancies exist between different epigenetic clocks, potentially leading to false positive results.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the reliability of popular epigenetic clocks in measuring aging interventions.
  • To compare the performance of different epigenetic clock generations and training methodologies.
  • To identify robust epigenetic clocks for future clinical trials.

Main Methods:

  • Evaluated 6 popular epigenetic clocks using longitudinal datasets with aging interventions or age-accelerating events.
  • Compared standard clocks with high test-retest reliability versions.
  • Analyzed clock variability and replicability across different datasets and clock types.

Main Results:

  • Epigenetic clocks trained on mortality or rate-of-aging demonstrated reliable effects across multiple clocks and reliability versions.
  • Clocks trained on chronological age frequently produced sporadic, non-replicable changes, likely false positives.
  • Results remained consistent after multiple testing correction, highlighting the reliability of mortality-based clocks.

Conclusions:

  • Newer generation epigenetic clocks, particularly those trained on mortality, are more reliable for measuring aging interventions.
  • Chronological age-based clocks may produce unreliable results and require re-examination in published literature.
  • This study provides a foundation for selecting appropriate epigenetic clocks in clinical trials for aging research.